Mechanism of bonelike apatite formation on bioactive tantalum metal in a simulated body fluid

Abstract

Development of tantalum metal with bone-bonding ability is paid much attention because of its attractive features such as high fracture toughness, high workability and its achievement on clinical usage. Formation of bonelike apatite is an essential prerequisite for artificial materials to make direct bond to living bone. The apatite formation can be assessed in vitro using a simulated body fluid (SBF) that has almost equal compositions of inorganic ions to human blood plasma. The present authors previously showed that the apatite formation on tantalum metal in SBF was remarkably accelerated by treatment with NaOH aqueous solution and subsequent firing at 300°C, while untreated tantalum metal spontaneously forms the apatite after a long soaking period. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the reason why the NaOH and heat treatments accelerate the apatite formation on tantalum metal. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze changes in surface structure of the tantalum metal at an initial stage after immersion in SBF. Untreated tantalum metal had tantalum oxide passive layer on its surface, while amorphous sodium tantalate was formed on the surface of the tantalum metal by the NaOH and heat treatments. After soaking in SBF, the untreated tantalum metal sluggishly formed small amount of Ta–OH groups by a hydration of the tantalum oxide passive layer on its surface. In contrast, the treated tantalum metal rapidly formed Ta–OH groups by exchange of Na + ion in the amorphous sodium tantalate on its surface with H 3O + ion in SBF. Both the formed Ta–OH groups combined with Ca 2+ ion to form a kind of calcium tantalate, and then with phosphate ion, followed by combination with large amount of Ca 2+ ions and phosphate ions to build up apatite layer. The formation rate of Ta–OH groups on the treated tantalum metal predominates the following process including adsorption of Ca 2+ ion and phosphate ion on the surface. It is concluded that the acceleration of the apatite nucleation on the tantalum metal in SBF by the NaOH and heat treatments was attributed to the fast formation of Ta–OH group, followed by combination of the Ta–OH groups with Ca 2+ and phosphate ions.