Mechanism of bone mass regulation by mechanical stress

Abstract

Osteocytes establish an extensive intercellular and extracellular communication system via gap junction-coupled cell processes and canaliculi, through which cell processes pass throughout bone, and the communication system is extended to osteoblasts on the bone surface. The lacunocanalicular network formed by osteocytes is thought to be an ideal mechanosensory system and suitable for mechanotransduction, by which mechanical energy is converted into electrical and/or biochemical signals. The function of osteocytes cannot be estimated based on the events caused by osteocyte death, because apoptotic osteocytes are not phagocytosed, undergo secondary necrosis, and trigger a process of repair to replace the damaged bone. The analysis of the mice, in which both intercellular and extracellular communication systems are disturbed, shows that the osteocyte network mildly inhibits bone formation and mildly stimulates bone resorption in physiological condition. In unloaded condition, the functions of the osteocyte network are augmented, and it strongly inhibits bone formation and strongly stimulates bone resorption, at least in part, through the induction of Sost in osteocytes and Rankl in osteoblasts.