Mechanism for potentiation of warfarin by phenylbutazone: Inhibition of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation and prothrombin synthesis by phenylbutazone in preparations from rat liver

Abstract

Phenylbutazone potentiated the anticoagulant effects of racemic warfarin and of the individual enantiomers to similar extents in the rat. This indicates that the phenylbutazone did not act stereospecifically on the enantiomers, as it does in humans. Phenylbutazone doubled the turnover rate of warfarin in plasma, but it did not increase the amount of the anticoagulant in liver or the amount excreted in urine. The drug had no effect on plasma disappearance of [ 3H] or on hepatic levels of [ 3H] vitamin K 1 or of its chief metabolite, [ 3H] vitamin K 1 epoxide, after injection of [ 3H] vitamin K 1. Phenylbutazone, however, at concentrations of 0.5 to 2.8mM inhibited vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of a synthetic pentapeptide substrate in liver microsomes by 40–88 per cent. Vitamin K-dependent protein carboxylation was also inhibited by about 40 per cent in microsomes and postmitochondrial supernatant fluid at drug concentrations of 2.8 to 4.8 mM. Most importantly, prothrombin synthesis was inhibited in post-mitochondrial supernatant fractions by 19 and 39 per cent at drug concentrations of 2.8 and 4.8mM respectively. The inhibition of both carboxylation and prothrombin synthesis appears to have been of sufficient magnitude to account for the potentiation by phenylbutazone observed in vivo. The calculated hepatic level of phenylbutazone during potentiation was around 3 mM, a concentration that produced inhibition in vitro.