Abstract
Protein O‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) is a post‐translational modification of intracellular proteins that regulates several physiological and pathophysiological process, including response to various stressors. However, O‐GlcNAc's response to mechanical stress has not been investigated yet. As human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are stimulated by compression force during orthodontic tooth movement that results in structural remodelling, in this study we investigated whether mechanical stress induces any alteration in protein O‐GlcNAc in PDL cells. In this study, PDL cells isolated from premolars extracted for orthodontic indications were exposed to 0, 1.5, 3, 7 and 14 g/cm2 compression forces for 12 hours. Cell viability was measured by flow cytometry, and protein O‐GlcNAc was analysed by Western blot. Cellular structure and intracellular distribution of O‐GlcNAc was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. We found that between 1.5 and 3 g/cm2 mechanical compression, O‐GlcNAc significantly elevated; however, at higher forces O‐GlcNAc level was not increased. We also found that intracellular localization of O‐GlcNAc proteins became more centralized under 2 g/cm2 compression force. Our results suggest that structural changes stimulated by compression forces have a significant effect on the regulation of O‐GlcNAc; thus, it might play a role in the mechanical stress adaptation of PDL cells.
Highlights
Orthodontic mechanotherapy is based on the principle that prolonged pressure applied to the teeth will remodel the surrounding bone and periodontal structures and enable orthodontic tooth move‐ ment.[1]
In patients with diabetes, chronic hyper‐ glycaemia will lead to elevated levels of protein O‐GlcNAc mod‐ ification 12 which could have several deleterious consequences, such as altered transcriptional factor activity or interference with phosphorylation.[13]
Recent researches have found altered O‐GlcNAc levels associated with increased stress tolerance
Summary
Orthodontic mechanotherapy is based on the principle that prolonged pressure applied to the teeth will remodel the surrounding bone and periodontal structures and enable orthodontic tooth move‐ ment.[1]. In patients with diabetes, chronic hyper‐ glycaemia will lead to elevated levels of protein O‐GlcNAc mod‐ ification 12 which could have several deleterious consequences, such as altered transcriptional factor activity or interference with phosphorylation.[13] Importantly, recent researches have found altered O‐GlcNAc levels associated with increased stress tolerance. In conditions such as oxidative stress, hypoxia or heat shock, the reg‐ ulatory role of O‐GlcNAc in cell survival and adaptation has been proposed.[14]. We investigated the effect of mechanical load on the level of protein O‐GlcNAc in human PDL cells in vitro, in order to better understand the biological basis of orthodontic tooth movement
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