Mechanical Signalling in Osteoarticular Tissues

Abstract

Within a physiological range exposure to mechanical loads is required to maintain bone, cartilage and associated connective tissues in a healthy state. Conversely withdrawal of these mechanical stimuli or overloading can lead to connective tissue breakdown and degenerative diseases. Over the last few decades there has been a large increase in our knowledge of how mechanical forces are recognised by connective tissue cells and how these forces regulate cell function and tissue homeostasis. Mechanical forces applied to connective tissues are recognised by cell mechanoreceptors which then activate signal cascades resulting in altered gene expression, protein production and tissue remodelling. The nature of these mechanoreceptors, the signalling pathways and secreted paracrine/autocrine molecules that further regulate the process are discussed.