Mechanical Reliability of All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are being pursued as potentially safe high energy density storage systems. The replacement of an organic liquid electrolyte with a non-flammable and more reliable inorganic solid electrolyte (SE) is expected to improve Li-ion battery (LIB) safety. In recent years, several solid electrolytes having level of conductivity comparable to organic liquid electrolytes have been discovered and tested with many active materials [1, 2, 3, 4]. However, many challenges remain in manufacturing and fundamental understanding of this technology. We previously developed a fully coupled electro-chemo-mechanical model that contributes to the mesoscale optimization of composite solid-state electrodes [5]. In particular, it guides the understanding of how to overcome the inherent mechanical degradation of ASSBs [6]. Degradation phenomena are not well-understood or predicted in LIBs, in part because they require detailed modeling of the microstructure. Local features and defects are the primary drivers of failure in most materials and systems. By modeling inhomogeneities at different length scales we push the understanding of electrochemical systems beyond the limits achieved with macro-homogeneous models. Electro-chemo-fracture-mechanics (ECFM) and its implications for mechanical and device reliability is the primary focus of this research [6]. Intercalation-induced strains and stress-driven diffusion are phenomena observed in most electrode materials and are a tangible effect of the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling. For instance, the moderate (10% in graphite) or large (300% in silicon) volume changes associated with Li intercalation in negative electrode materials lead to mechanical stress and fracture. Mechanical degradation is more severe in systems where the chemical expansion is large [7], or where it is mechanically constrained, such as in all-solid-state batteries [8, 6]. Our finite element model predicts that solid-state composite negative electrodes will fracture during charging of the battery. Even when electrodes are, on average, under compression they are still vulnerable to mechanical degradation. Microstructure inhomogeneities, such as particle misalignment and non-smooth surfaces, are sufficient to cause tensile and shear stress to arise within the SE matrix. This result has strong implications for the transport properties of the electrode. Fracture within a solid Li-ion conductor has the effect of cutting off diffusion paths for lithium. Consequences of mechanical damage on an electrode’s transport properties will also be discussed. In particular we illustrate via random-walk analysis how micro-cracking of the solid electrolyte region increases the tortuosity by a significant amount, especially in densely packed microstructures. Acknowledgments The work was supported by the grant DE-SC0002633 funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. Keywords Lithium ion batteries, All-solid-state batteries, Stress-potential coupling, Fracture mechanics, Finite element modeling References [1] K. Takada, “Progress and prospective of solid-state lithium batteries”, Acta Materialia, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 759-770, 2013. [2] J. Li, C. Ma, M. Chi, C. Liang, and N. J. Dudney, “Solid electrolyte: The key for high-voltage lithium batteries”, Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1-6, 2015. [3] J. G. Kim, B. Son, S. Mukherjee, N. Schuppert, A. Bates, O. Kwon, M. J. Choi, H. Y. Chung, and S. Park, “A review of lithium and non-lithium based solid state batteries”, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 282, pp. 299-322, 2015. [4] V. Thangadurai, S. Narayanan, and D. Pinzaru, “Garnet-type solid-state fast Li ion conductors for Li batteries: critical review”, Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 43, pp. 4714-4727, 2014. [5] G. Bucci, Y.-M. Chiang, and W. Carter, “Formulation of the coupled electrochemical-mechanical boundary-value problem, with applications to transport of multiple charged species”, Acta Materialia, vol. 62, pp. 33-51, 2016. [6] G. Bucci and W. Carter, “Mechanics of Materials: Micro-mechanics in electrochemical systems”, Springer (in production), 2016. [7] G. Bucci, S. P. Nadimpalli, V. A. Sethuraman, A. F. Bower, and P. R. Guduru, “Measurement and modeling of the mechanical and electrochemical response of amorphous Si thin film electrodes during cyclic lithiation”, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, vol. 62, pp. 276-294, 2014 [8] G. Bucci, T. Swamy, S. Bishop, B. W. Sheldon, Y.-M. Chiang, and W. C. Carter, “The effect of stress on battery-electrode capacity”, Journal of The Electrochemical Society (in review), 2016 Figure 1