Abstract
The increased demand for cement mortar due to rapid infrastructural growth and development has led to an alarming depletion of fine aggregate. This has prompted the need for a more sustainable material as a total/partial replacement for natural fine aggregate. This study proposes the use of tin slag (TS) as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete to bridge this sustainability gap. TS was used to replace fine aggregate at replacement levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in cement mortar. Fresh and hardened properties of TS mortar were obtained. Flow tests showed that, as the TS quantity and the w/c ratio increased, the mortar flow increased. Similarly, the compressive strength increased as the TS replacement increased up to 50% replacement, after which a decline in strength was observed. However, with the TS replacement of fine aggregate up to 100%, a compressive strength of 6% above control was attained. The morphological features confirm that specimens with TS had a denser microstructure because of its shape characteristics (elongated, irregular, and rough), and, thus, plugged holes better than the control mortar. The natural sand’s contribution to strength was a result of better aggregate hardness as compared to TS. Hence, TS can be used as alternative for fine aggregate in sustainable construction.
Highlights
Concrete is the most utilized material after water
Workability is the property of mortar that allows for adequate compaction, place3
Workability is the property of mortar that allows for adequate compaction, graded and non-graded particles wereof measured cone The test.flow
Summary
Concrete is the most utilized material after water. its demand has been on the rise at a rate of 5% annually. Many studies have been conducted to establish new substitutes for NFA by utilizing industrial waste materials such as steel slag [4], lead slag [5], copper slag [6], foundry sand [7], and recycled glass [8]. This reduces the dependence on natural sand and propels the sustainability of this declining resource. The use of foundry sand and recycled glass at 10% replacement has been found to improve the mechanical properties of concrete [9,10] Another such industrial waste readily available and under-utilized is tin slag (TS). The mechanical properties measured were compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength
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