Mechanical properties of atherosclerotic plaques, caps and walls of arterial vessels: a mobile test bench experiments

Abstract

Within the framework of this study, a methodology and a prototype of a test bench for conducting experiments on compression of biological tissue samples have been developed. The test bench for the implementation of the technique consists of high–precision scales (measuring accuracy up to 0.01 g, maximum weight - 5 kg), an electronic caliper (measuring accuracy up to 0.01 mm) with 3D-printer pads that are attached to grips, as well as video cameras. Thanks to such a mobile stand, it was possible to conduct a series of experiments (a total of 99 tests) to determine the Young's modulus of atherosclerotic plaques and areas of vascular walls removed from the body no later than a few hours. This made it possible to collect a database of the mechanical characteristics of the plaques as close as possible to the real properties. In addition, regression dependences were constructed between the Hounsfield numbers corresponding to dense atherosclerotic deposits discernible on a CT scan and the Young modules obtained during experiments. Such dependencies will further allow determining the mechanical properties of plaques in vivo based on computed tomography data. The technique was verified by mechanical experiments on the universal testing machine Instron 3342 and on a mobile test bench on samples of hard (with pronounced calcification) and soft plaques. 7 experiments were conducted for each type of samples. The results differed by no more than 4.3 % for soft plaques and no more than 9.5 % for hard plaques. To test the inter-expert reliability of the methodology, a number of experiments were conducted with the involvement of two independent participants. Each of the three mobile stand operators performed 5 tests on soft rubber samples. The study of inter-expert reliability allowed us to show the independence of the methodology from the skills and qualifications of the operator.