Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the potential of magnesium lignosulfonate as adhesive in particleboard manufacturing. Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) between 1% and 3% and glucose (1% of the lignosulfonate content) were added as potential cross-linkers in the adhesive formulations. Mixed beech and spruce wood, 30% beech wood and 70% spruce wood, were employed for the configuration of the panel structure. The density, mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of single-layer particleboard were investigated. Spectroscopic analysis (FTIR) revealed structural changes brought by oxidation that may indicate depolymerization by the splitting of C-O-C bonds and formation of carbonyl groups. Mechanical properties were improved, and the highest average values were recorded for panels having as adhesives oxidized lignin with cross-linkers as follow: 15 N/mm2 (MOR), 3320 N/mm2 (MOE) and 0.48 N/mm2 (IB). The density profile presented higher values for faces in case of oxidized lignin panels. Changes were observed for oxidized lignin with cross-linker panels wherein the core had higher values. The results showed that the panels manufactured with adhesives composed of oxidized lignosulfonate (20% of the dried wood particles weight) and the addition of PMDI and glucose in various percentages have a positive influence on their formaldehyde release and mechanical properties requested by EN 312 (2004) standard.
Highlights
Formaldehyde emission represents a key issue for the wood-based composite industry.Formaldehyde issues are related to urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) as a dominating bonding adhesive used in the production of wood-based panels [1,2]
The present paper aims to evaluate the mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission of particleboards made with magnesium lignosulfonate-based adhesives
A pronounced band at 1595 cm−1 may be assigned to aromatic skeletal vibration
Summary
Formaldehyde emission represents a key issue for the wood-based composite industry. Formaldehyde issues are related to urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) as a dominating bonding adhesive used in the production of wood-based panels [1,2]. Melamine-formaldehyde (MF), melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives are less dangerous in terms of their subsequent formaldehyde emission, but they have not convinced industrial producers, due to their higher price or lower reactivity [3,4]. Exposure to formaldehyde is possible during the adhesive-mixing, mat-forming and hot-pressing operations. Formaldehyde exposure can be harmful to human health. Formaldehyde can cause eye, nose and throat irritation, and skin rashes, shortness of breath, wheezing and changes in lung function at higher levels of exposure [7].
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