Abstract
Various types of mechanical waves such as propagative waves and standing waves are observed during 2D collective cell migration. Propagative waves are generated during monolayer free expansion while standing waves are generated during swirling motion of a confluent monolayer. Significant attempts have been made to describe the main characteristics of mechanical waves obtained within various experimental systems. However, much less attention is paid to correlate the viscoelasticity with the generated oscillatory instabilities. Mechanical waves have been recognized during flow of various viscoelastic systems under low Reynolds number and called “the elastic turbulence”. In addition to Reynolds number, Weissenberg number is needed for characterizing the elastic turbulence. The viscoelastic resistive force generated during collective cell migration as a consequence of a residual stress accumulation is capable of inducing apparent inertial effects by balancing with other forces such as the surface tension force, the traction force, and the resultant force responsible for cell migration. The resultant force represents a product of various biochemical processes such as cell signaling and gene expression. The force balance induces (1) front flow and back flow in the direction of cell migration as characteristics of the propagative waves and (2) inflow and outflow perpendicular to the direction of migration as characteristics of the standing waves. The apparent inertial effects are essential for appearing the elastic turbulence and represent the characteristic of (1) the back flow during the monolayer free expansion and (2) the inflow during cell swirling motion within a confluent monolayer.
Highlights
Collective cell migration within a monolayer induces spontaneous generation of mechanical waves [1,2,3,4,5]
The main characteristics of propagative waves are that (1) normal stress component σcxx and corresponding strain rate εcxx are in phase quadrature, (2) normal stress component is always tensional, and (3) velocity and cell tractions are uncorrelated [2]
The main characteristic of propagative waves is that (1) normal stress component σcxx and corresponding strain rate εcxx are in phase quadrature; (2) normal stress component is always tensional; and (3) velocity and cell tractions are uncorrelated [2, 5]
Summary
Collective cell migration within a monolayer induces spontaneous generation of mechanical waves [1,2,3,4,5]. In this review, we concentrate on mechanical oscillations, a term we use to identify all periodical fluctuations of mechanical parameters, such as cell velocity, the resulting strain, substrate tractions, and stresses. These oscillations can be divided into two major categories: (1) standing waves generated in a confined environment [3, 5, 10,11,12] and (2) propagative waves generated during monolayer free expansion that travel through the system [2, 5, 13].
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