Abstract
Throughout human history, any society’s capacity to fabricate and refine new materials to satisfy its demands has resulted in advances to its performance and worldwide standing. Life in the twenty-first century cannot be predicated on tiny groupings of materials; rather, it must be predicated on huge families of novel elements dubbed “advanced materials”. While there are several approaches and strategies for fabricating advanced materials, mechanical milling (MM) and mechanochemistry have garnered much interest and consideration as novel ways for synthesizing a diverse range of new materials that cannot be synthesized by conventional means. Equilibrium, nonequilibrium, and nanocomposite materials can be easily obtained by MM. This review article has been addressed in part to present a brief history of ball milling’s application in the manufacture of a diverse variety of complex and innovative materials during the last 50 years. Furthermore, the mechanism of the MM process will be discussed, as well as the factors affecting the milling process. Typical examples of some systems developed at the Nanotechnology and Applications Program of the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research during the last five years will be presented in this articles. Nanodiamonds, nanocrystalline hard materials (e.g., WC), metal-matrix and ceramic matrix nanocomposites, and nanocrystalline titanium nitride will be presented and discussed. The authors hope that the article will benefit readers and act as a primer for engineers and researchers beginning on material production projects using mechanical milling.
Highlights
Powder milling using the Mechanical alloying (MA), Mechanical Disordering (MD), or mechanical milling (MM) processes, like any other method for synthesizing materials, is impacted by a variety of parameters that are crucial in the manufacture of homogeneous ultrafine powders (Figure 7)
Nanoparticles, nanopowders, nanocrystalline powders, quantum dots, Bucky balls, and nanocrystals all fall under the third category of three-dimensional nanomaterials (3-D nanomaterials), which includes materials that are nanoscale in three dimensions
The findings indicate that increasing the ZrO2 content resulted in a small reduction in nanohardness, from 19.67 GPa (for # 93WC/7(10Co/4Cr)) to 19.26
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. On the other hand, may be characterized by a number of techniques, depending on their properties and uses. They are materials that outperform conventional materials and are used to fabricate hightech goods [1]. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2484 as advanced or “high-tech” materials, with distinguishing chemical, physical, and mechanical properties [2]. These novel techniques for processing and fabricating materials have enabled scientists to alter the subatomic structure of materials and tailor them to a desired and predetermined structure. Rapid solidification, atomization, sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, electron beam physical vapor deposition, arc discharge, laser ablation, photolithography, nano-imprint lithography, sol-gel, atomic force microscope nanostencil, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition are some examples of the preparation methods that are used to fabricate new materials [1]
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