Abstract
The use of nanoparticles (NPs) has become a significant area of research in Dentistry. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the physical, antibacterial activity and bond strength properties of conventional base, core build and restorative of glass ionomer cement (GIC) compared to GIC supplemented with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanopowder at 3% and 5% (w/w).Material and Methods Vickers microhardness was estimated with diamond indenter. Compressive and flexural strengths were analyzed in a universal testing machine. Specimens were bonded to enamel and dentine, and tested for shear bond strength in a universal testing machine. Specimens were incubated with S. mutans suspension for evaluating antibacterial activity. Surface analysis of restorative conventional and modified GIC was performed with SEM and EDS. The analyses were carried out with Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA (post-hoc), Tukey test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann Whitney.Results Conventional GIC and GIC modified with TiO2 nanopowder for the base/liner cement and core build showed no differences for mechanical, antibacterial, and shear bond properties (p>0.05). In contrast, the supplementation of TiO2 NPs to restorative GIC significantly improved Vickers microhardness (p<0.05), flexural and compressive strength (p<0.05), and antibacterial activity (p<0.001), without interfering with adhesion to enamel and dentin.Conclusion GIC supplemented with TiO2 NPs (FX-II) is a promising material for restoration because of its potential antibacterial activity and durable restoration to withstand the mastication force.
Highlights
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) possesses certain properties of adhesive23, biocompatibility2, and fluoride releasing3, which have led to worldwide use as luting, base, liners and restorative materials
It has recently been reported that (i) the incorporation of TiO2 NPs to GIC at 3% and 5% (w/w) significantly enhanced the fracture toughness, compressive strength, flexural strength and hardness, and (ii) GIC supplemented with TiO2 NPs showed antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans without interference with fluoride release; (iii) the incorporation of 7% of TiO2 NPs compromised the mechanical properties and adhesion6
For TiO2 nanoparticles in culture with human gingival fibroblast (HGF)9 and oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (HSC-2)7, some particles were incorporated into the cells, exclusively in the vacuoles and showed no cytotoxic nor hormetic growth stimulation at lower concentrations
Summary
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) possesses certain properties of adhesive, biocompatibility, and fluoride releasing, which have led to worldwide use as luting, base, liners and restorative materials. The incorporation of the filler particles above to GIC has significantly modified the mechanical properties of cements; fillers can interfere with metabolic activities for bacterial adhesion and inhibit the antibacterial activity of GIC4. It has recently been reported that (i) the incorporation of TiO2 NPs to GIC at 3% and 5% (w/w) significantly enhanced the fracture toughness, compressive strength, flexural strength and hardness, and (ii) GIC supplemented with TiO2 NPs showed antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans without interference with fluoride release; (iii) the incorporation of 7% of TiO2 NPs compromised the mechanical properties and adhesion. For TiO2 nanoparticles in culture with human gingival fibroblast (HGF) and oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (HSC-2), some particles were incorporated into the cells, exclusively in the vacuoles and showed no cytotoxic nor hormetic growth stimulation at lower concentrations. The incorporation of TiO2 NPs to GIC exhibits acceptable to moderate biocompatibility in culture with human oral normal cells [pulp cells (HPC), gingival fibroblast (HGF), periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPLF)] and human cancer cells [oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC): HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4 and gingival carcinoma (Ca9-22)]8
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