Mechanical and thermal shock behavior of refractory materials for glass feeders

Abstract

Refractory materials of the Al 2O 3–SiO 2–ZrO 2 system are widely used in glass industry in forehearth, distributors, feeders, and as expendable materials as they are known to have good thermal shock properties. They are commonly subject to thermal stress during installation. Once installed, the service life is then determined mainly by the corrosion characteristics. In this work three refractories were studied to observe and correlate mechanical properties with thermal shock behavior. The materials and their principal crystalline phases are: AM (Alumina–Mullite 35), Am (Alumina–Mullite 10), and AZ (Alumina–Zircon). All the materials have similar open porosity and pore size distribution. The mechanical characterization comprises: fracture toughness ( K IC), fracture initiation energy ( γ NBT) and work of fracture ( γ WOF). The dynamic elastic modulus E of the composites was measured by the excitation technique. The water quenching method was used for the experimental evaluation of the thermal shock resistance (TSR). Thermal cycles with different quenching temperature gradients Δ T were applied and a cyclic water quenching was used for the thermal fatigue resistance (TFR) assessment. The TSR behavior was evaluated by measuring the decrease in E/ E 0 ratio where E 0 and E are the dynamic elastic modulus before and after one quenching, respectively. The strength (modulus of rupture, MOR) of materials before and after the TSR test was also measured. The AM material showed the highest E, σ f (MOR) and K IC values. The elastic modulus remained relatively high (near 80%) up to a Δ T of 500 °C for the three samples. AM showed a higher reduction of E and MOR than Am and AZ. Considering the retained MOR and E with Δ T, Am and AZ have a similar behavior. Theoretical TS parameters ( R, R‴ and R ST) were calculated for the refractories. The parameters considering crack initiation ( R = theoretical Δ Tc) are very similar but their value differs considerably to those Δ Tc observed experimentally. This fact can be explained if we consider that the microstructure of refractory materials initially has defects and microcracks. The R‴ parameters are the same for all materials. For our materials the R ST parameter reflected the TSR damage. The best TSR and TFR of AZ followed by Am are due to the microcracks size and their distribution in the microstructure of the materials. In AM refractory the high content and great grain size of Mullite produce the appearance of greater cracks than in the other materials. The usage of these materials in glass service indicates that the AM material has a low TSR resistance.