Abstract
BackgroundPropolis is a natural substance produced by bees and is known to have antimicrobial activity. Our aim was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of micellar nanocomposites loaded with an ethyl acetate extract of Brazilian red propolis as a cavity cleaning agent and its influence on the color and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of the dentin/resin interface.MethodsAn ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) assay was used to determine the flavonoids and isoflavones present in an ethyl acetate extract of Brazilian red propolis (EARP) and micellar nanocomposites loaded with EARP (MNRP). The antimicrobial activity of EARP and MNRP was tested against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Candida albicans. One of the following experimental treatments was applied to etched dentin (phosphoric acid, 15 s): 5 μL of MNRP (RP3, 0.3%; RP6, 0.6%; or RP1, 1.0% w/v), placebo, and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate. Single Bond adhesive (3 M/ESPE) was applied and a 4-mm-thick resin crown (Z350XT, 3 M/ESPE) was built up. After 24 h, the teeth were sectioned into sticks for the μTBS test and scanning electron microscopy. Spectrophotometry according to the CIE L*a*b* chromatic space was used to evaluate the color. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey test or Kruskal-Wallis test and the same test for pairwise comparisons between the means (P < 0.05).ResultsThe UPLC-DAD assay identified the flavonoids liquiritigenin, pinobanksin, pinocembrin, and isoliquiritigenin and the isoflavonoids daidzein, formononetin, and biochanin A in the EARP and micellar nanocomposites. EARP and MNRP presented antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and for Candida albicans. ΔE values varied from 2.31 to 3.67 (P = 0.457). The mean μTBS for RP1 was significantly lower than for the other groups (P < 0.001). Dentin treated with RP1 showed the shortest resin tags followed by RP6 and RP3.ConclusionsThe EARP and (MNRP) showed antimicrobial activity for the main agents causing dental caries (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and for Candida albicans. MNRP at concentrations of 0.3 and 0.6% used as a cavity cleaner do not compromise the aesthetics or μTBS of the dentin/resin interface.
Highlights
Propolis is a natural substance produced by bees and is known to have antimicrobial activity
Determination of Brazilian red propolis markers using the UPLC-DAD method The identification and quantification of markers in the extract of Brazilian red propolis (EARP) and 1% micellar nanocomposites loaded with EARP were performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) from Shimadzu (Tokyo, Japan)
The other half tooth was the negative control. In this stage of the study, we used two techniques, before and after acid etching of dentin, to apply micellar nanocomposites loaded with EARP: (1) before etching, using propolis micellar nanocomposites as a cavity cleaner; (2) after etching to improve the effect of propolis, which can be totally or partially removed during etching
Summary
Propolis is a natural substance produced by bees and is known to have antimicrobial activity. Propolis is produced by bees to close small gaps in the hive, prevent entry of insects, and reduce the proliferation of fungi and bacteria. It is an important natural antibiotic and plays a promising role in medicine and dentistry [1, 2]. Red propolis (RP), the 13th type of Brazilian propolis with a characteristic intense red color, is produced by bees of the species Apis mellifera with the sap of Dalbergia ecastophyllum, a leguminous plant that inhabits the northeastern mangroves of Brazil [11]. Isoflavonoids, propolones/guttiferones, terpenes, chalcones, and phenolic compounds are the principal classes of secondary metabolites present in RP [2, 12, 13]
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