Abstract
Speeding up Discrete Event Simulations (DESs) is a broad research field. Promising Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) approaches with optimistic and conservative synchronisation schemes have emerged throughout the years. However, in the area of real-time simulation, PDESs are rarely considered. This is caused by the complex problem of fitting parallel executed DES models to a real-time clock. Hence, this paper gives an extensive review of existing conservative and optimistic synchronisation schemes for PDESs. It introduces a metric to compare their real-time capabilities to determine whether they can be used for soft or firm real-time simulation. Examples are given on how to apply this metric to evaluate PDESs using synthetic and real-world examples. The results of the investigation reveal that no final answer can be given if PDESs can be used for soft or firm real-time simulation as they are. However, boundary conditions were defined, which allow a use-case specific evaluation of the real-time capabilities of a certain parallel executed DES. Using this in-depth knowledge and can lead to predictability of the real-time behaviour of a simulation run.
Highlights
The main difference between their approach and other Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) is that they can switch between both modes during the execution of the simulation
This paper focuses on providing a connection between PDES and Discrete Event Simulations (DESs) executed in soft or firm real-time
An intensive literature review revealed that PDESs aim for enhancing the execution speed of a certain simulation model typically, but not for real-time simulation
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Research on VANET performance, that is, channel congestion and packet routing, demands for a high number of communicating vehicles For this reason, city-scale scenarios like the Luxembourg scenario presented by Codeca et al [6] are required. Several research groups already tackled the problem of speeding up DES in general by developing strategies for executing them on several cores None of these approaches consider real-time simulation. This paper proposes a metric that allows for ranking parallel executed DES with respect to their real-time behaviour regardless of the employed synchronisation strategy. For example the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication simulator developed by Zhang and Masoud [8] states to have an adapter to integrate real-world hardware to facilitate HIL tests They do not evaluate their system with respect to actual timing.
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