Abstract
Robotic social intelligence is increasingly important. However, measures of human social intelligence omit basic skills, and robot-specific scales do not focus on social intelligence. We combined human robot interaction concepts of beliefs, desires, and intentions with psychology concepts of behaviors, cognitions, and emotions to create 20 Perceived Social Intelligence (PSI) Scales to comprehensively measure perceptions of robots with a wide range of embodiments and behaviors. Participants rated humanoid and non-humanoid robots interacting with people in five videos. Each scale had one factor and high internal consistency, indicating each measures a coherent construct. Scales capturing perceived social information processing skills (appearing to recognize, adapt to, and predict behaviors, cognitions, and emotions) and scales capturing perceived skills for identifying people (appearing to identify humans, individuals, and groups) correlated strongly with social competence and constituted the Mind and Behavior factors. Social presentation scales (appearing friendly, caring, helpful, trustworthy, and not rude, conceited, or hostile) relate more to Social Response to Robots Scales and Godspeed Indices, form a separate factor, and predict positive feelings about robots and wanting social interaction with them. For a comprehensive measure, researchers can use all PSI 20 scales for free. Alternatively, they can select the most relevant scales for their projects.
Highlights
Social intelligence is defined as the ability to interact effectively with others to accomplish your goals [Ford and Tisak 1983]
If robots are annoying, people sometimes kick, punch, or want to damage them [Brščić et al 2015; Mutlu and Forlizzi 2008]. It will be a long time before robots exhibit true social intelligence, existing robots can create the perception of social intelligence, which itself facilitates human robot interaction (HRI)
The Perceived Social Intelligence (PSI) Scales have been used to evaluate robots executing social behaviors pertaining to navigation
Summary
Social intelligence is defined as the ability to interact effectively with others to accomplish your goals [Ford and Tisak 1983]. If robots are annoying, people sometimes kick, punch, or want to damage them [Brščić et al 2015; Mutlu and Forlizzi 2008] It will be a long time before robots exhibit true social intelligence, existing robots can create the perception of social intelligence, which itself facilitates human robot interaction (HRI). To measure previous experience with robots, we used the five-item measure from MacDorman et al [2009] These items ask participants how often they have read or watched robot-related materials, attended robot-related events, had physical contact with robots, and built or programmed robots. Most items include both real robots and fictional ones; for example, they do not distinguish between reading comics and journal articles, or between watching documentaries and science fiction movies
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