Abstract
BackgroundThere is now a substantial body of research suggesting that social cohesion, a collective characteristic measured by the levels of trust, reciprocity and formation of strong social bonds within communities, is an important factor in determining health. Of particular interest is the extent to which factors in the built environment facilitate, or impede, the development of social bonds. Severance is a characteristic of physical environments which is hypothesized to inhibit cohesion. In the current study we test a number of characteristics of spatial networks which could be hypothesized to relate either to severance, or directly to community cohesion. Particular focus is given to our most promising variable for further analysis (Convex Hull Maximum Radius 600 m).MethodsIn the current study we analysed social cohesion as measured at Enumeration District level, aggregated from a survey of 10,892 individuals aged 18 to 74 years in the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Cohort Study, 2001. In a data mining process we test 16 network variables on multiple scales. The variable showing the most promise is validated in a test on an independent data set. We then conduct a multivariate regression also including Townsend deprivation scores and urban/rural status as predictor variables for social cohesion.ResultsWe find convex hull maximum radius at a 600 m scale to have a small but highly significant correlation with social cohesion on both data sets. Deprivation has a stronger effect. Splitting the analysis by tertile of deprivation, we find that the effect of severance as measured by this variable is strongest in the most deprived areas. A range of spatial scales are tested, with the strongest effects being observed at scales that match typical walking distances.ConclusionWe conclude that physical connectivity as measured in this paper has a significant effect on social cohesion, and that our measure is unlikely to proxy either deprivation or the urban/rural status of communities. Possible mechanisms for the effect include intrinsic navigability of areas, and the existence of a focal route on which people can meet on foot. Further investigation may lead to much stronger predictive models of social cohesion.
Highlights
There is a substantial body of research that suggests that social cohesion, a collective characteristic measured by the levels of trust, reciprocity and the formation of strong social bonds within neighbourhoods or communities, is an important factor in determining health [1]
Of the studies listed above, the only ones to find a quantifiable link between walkability and social cohesion were those that included a measurement of worthwhile walking destinations [6,7]; we suggest that intersection density alone is not a significant predictor of social cohesion
This constitutes a test of 16 × 5 = 80 variables; applying Bonferroni correction to our results suggests that p-values should be multiplied by 80
Summary
There is a substantial body of research suggesting that social cohesion, a collective characteristic measured by the levels of trust, reciprocity and formation of strong social bonds within communities, is an important factor in determining health. There is a substantial body of research that suggests that social cohesion, a collective characteristic measured by the levels of trust, reciprocity and the formation of strong social bonds within neighbourhoods or communities, is an important factor in determining health [1]. Of particular interest is the extent to which factors in the built environment facilitate, or impede, the development of social bonds, and so whether modifiable factors might be identified that are amenable to interventions to enhance social cohesion and health. This is an underdeveloped area of research and there is little evidence to inform policy. A community inhabiting a physically better connected network might exhibit stronger social connections between members of the community, while a network with a high level of severance may inhibit community cohesion
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