Abstract
Little is known about people’s perceived benefits and risks of sports, despite their role in shaping people’s intentions to engage in them. Here, we developed and tested a scale to measure perceived physical, emotional, cognitive, and social benefits as well as aggression-related risks of karate and football. Additionally, we compared these perceptions within and between these two sports, as well as among undergraduates with current/former participation in different types of physical activity (viz., martial artists, team sports players, participants in other types of physical activity, and non-participants). After a literature review, we created a 5-factor scale with 20 items administered to 184 undergraduates, along with questions about physical activity participation. After removing five items, confirmatory factor analyses supported the factor structure of the scale. Factor loadings and reliability indices were acceptable, though less than desirable results were found concerning the average variance extracted of all benefits dimensions and the reliability of the social benefits dimension. Analyses of variance showed that: (a) physical benefits were seen as the salient outcomes of karate and football, though martial artists perceived karate’s physical, emotional, and social benefits to the same extent; (b) in comparison to football, karate was perceived to bring more emotional and cognitive benefits and to entail less aggressiveness risks; (c) karate and football perceptions varied as a function of participant’s involvement in physical activity. This study presents a promising instrument to gather information on people’s perceptions about karate and football, which can be used to foster people’s engagement in them.
Highlights
The benefits of physical activity (PA) – defined as “any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure” (Caspersen et al, 1985, p. 128), such as sports, conditioning activities, walking, active recreation, or play – are well established (U.S Department of Health and Human Services, 2018)
confirmatory factorial analyses (CFA) results concerning the shortened scale revealed adequateto-good model fits for the karate, χ2(80, N = 184) = 119.937, χ2/df = 1.49, confirmatory fit index (CFI) = 0.920, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.052, standardized root mean residual (SRMR) = 0.063, and football versions, χ2(80, N = 184) = 126.936, χ2/df = 1.59, CFI = 0.924, RMSEA = 0.056, SRMR = 0.061
We developed the PBAR scale to measure perceived physical, emotional, cognitive, and social benefits along with perceived aggression-related risks in karate and football
Summary
Be noted that not all forms of PA deliver the same benefits Given their multiple demands, sports, in particular open skill sports – characterized by constantly changing conditions, to which movements must be flexibly adapted – may result in maximized benefits. Sports, in particular open skill sports – characterized by constantly changing conditions, to which movements must be flexibly adapted – may result in maximized benefits This is the case of team sports and martial arts
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