Abstract
ObjectivesTo investigate the possibility that Koreans show different patterns in reporting discriminatory experiences based on their gender and education level, we analyzed the participants who answered “Not Applicable” for the questions of discriminatory experiences that they were eligible to answer.MethodsDiscriminatory experiences in eight social situations were assessed using the 7th wave of Korean Labor and Income Panel Study. After restricting the study population to waged workers, a logistic regression model was constructed to predict the probability that an individual has experienced discrimination based on the observed covariates for each of eight situations, using the data of participants who answered either Yes or No. With the model fit, the predicted logit score of discrimination (PLSD) was obtained for participants who answered Not Applicable (NA), as well as for those who answered Yes or No. The mean PLSD of the NA group was compared with those of the Yes group and the No group after stratification by gender and education level using an ANOVA model.ResultsOn the questions of discrimination in getting hired and receiving income, the PLSD of the NA group was significantly higher than that of the No group and was not different from that of Yes group for female and junior high or less educated workers, suggesting that their NA responses were more likely to mean that they have experienced discrimination. For male and college or more educated workers, the NA group had a PLSD similar to that for the No group and had a significantly higher PLSD than the Yes group, implying that their NA responses would mean they that they have not experienced discrimination.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the responses of NA on the discrimination questionnaire may need different interpretation based on the respondents' gender and education level in South Korea.
Highlights
A growing body of research is demonstrating that experiences of discrimination are associated with multiple indicators of poor health outcomes [1,2]
Higher prevalence of any lifetime discriminatory experiences were observed for participants who were female, older, less educated, previously married, precariously employed, with lower household income, and disabled than their counterparts
The prevalence of any lifetime discriminatory experience did not vary depending on birth region
Summary
A growing body of research is demonstrating that experiences of discrimination are associated with multiple indicators of poor health outcomes [1,2]. Since health researchers primarily measure the experiences of discrimination through self-reports, it is important to measure discrimination accurately to examine its potential health effects. Several questionnaires with reasonable psychometric properties have been proposed to measure selfreported experiences of discrimination [3,4]. One issue of concern is the possibility that individuals may report discriminatory experiences in different ways based on their social position [5,6,7,8]. Some individuals may deny or underreport their experiences of discrimination. One experimental study in the U.S found that, compared to men and Whites, the subordinate groups, including women, Asians and Blacks, tended to minimize their discriminatory experiences and attribute their failure to themselves because doing so was psychologically beneficial [10]
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