Abstract
Decision makers, practitioners and community members need to assess the disaster resilience of their communities and to understand better the risks they face from natural hazards. There is a lack of consensus on what resilience means and how it can be measured as each stakeholder potentially brings a different perspective to understanding community disaster resilience. The paper will identify the key features and characteristics of Community Disaster Resilience (CDR) frameworks from the literature to develop a resilience framework that can be adapted and customised according to stakeholder needs. The paper used a 5-step process to develop an adaptable CDR framework. First, a review of 36 resilience frameworks was conducted to identify key features and characteristics of resilience frameworks. In Steps 2 and 3, a matrix of indicators and measures was populated by resilience dimensions covered in the current CDR literature reviewed. Subsequently, the indicators were sorted for similarities and duplicates were removed. Finally, they were clustered by six critical resilience dimensions (i.e. Physical, Health, Economic, Environmental, Social and Governance) into a library of 86 resilience indicators (composed of 360 measures) that can be used to operationalise a CDR framework according to the needs of the stakeholders. The review indicated that majority of the articles selected use objective approaches to measure resilience showing a gap for more frameworks using subjective, or participatory, approaches to measuring community resilience. An adaptable CDR framework may make resilience assessment more grounded in local stakeholder perspectives and lead to a better understanding of community resilience.
Highlights
Since the beginning of the millennium, more than 2.3 billion people have been directly affected by frequent natural disasters, with studies indicating that total damages may have been around $ 2.5 trillion, with the majority of those affected living in developing countries [1,2]
This section details the analysis of the selected frameworks in terms of hazards covered, approaches used to measure resilience, the main dimensions or categories covered in those resilience frameworks and, the library of measures that forms the basis of the generic adaptive community disaster resilience framework being proposed in this paper
It is envisioned that the adaptable Community Disaster Resilience (CDR) framework may help to bridge the gap between decisionmakers and key stakeholders like disaster management authority staff, local government officers, and community members to potentially achieve a more equitable form of resilience assessment where stake holder viewpoints are shared among the groups and where tracking progress of local, national, and international commitments may improve the overall resilience of the community
Summary
Since the beginning of the millennium, more than 2.3 billion people have been directly affected by frequent natural disasters, with studies indicating that total damages may have been around $ 2.5 trillion, with the majority of those affected living in developing countries [1,2] Due to this rising frequency, and magnitude, of natural disasters occurring worldwide [3], there is an increasing need for local decision-makers, practitioners and community members to assess the disaster resilience of their communities better. As the concept of Community Disaster Resilience (CDR) continues to evolve, research is increasingly focusing on developing frameworks and tools that can measure and classify community resilience [10,11,12] Despite this growing impor tance, no clear procedure to define and measure CDR has emerged [13,14,15] with many different disciplinary and methodological ap proaches being used in the literature [16]. The adaptable CDR framework uses Systems approaches, like Systems Thinking (ST) and System Dynamics (SD), to engage stakeholders in group model building (GMB) sessions to co-develop community-level resilience assessment tools that are more fit-forpurpose according to their needs and perspectives at the local level
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