Abstract
Studies evaluating the impact of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in children have been limited by a relative difficulty to demonstrate causative links with manifest atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). With the exception of children with genetic disorders resulting in marked CVRF abnormalities (for example, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia), atherosclerotic burden is typically early and clinically silent in children, adolescents, and young adults. Thus, cross-sectional evaluations of CVRFs in youth are often dependent on surrogate measures of atherosclerosis and vascular disease, including the use of carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) for atherosclerotic burden and pulse-wave velocity (PWV) for an assessment of vascular stiffness.
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