Abstract
A previously published analytical method demonstrated the quantification of the hormone cortisol in cetacean skin. However, little is known about the transfer of hormones between blood and skin. Recognizing that such information is essential to effectively using skin samples within marine mammal stress research, the primary goals of this study were to (i) expand on the number of steroid hormones proved quantifiable in the cetacean skin matrix and (ii) validate the use of cetacean skin as a matrix for measuring stress-related hormones. Five adult bottlenose dolphins were subjected to an out of water stress test. Non-invasive sloughed skin samples were collected from each dolphin: once ~3 and once ~1 week prior to the stress test; at the time of the stress test; and twice weekly for 11 to 17 weeks subsequent to the stress test. LCMS/MS analysis of the samples recovered consistent data on three corticosteroids (cortisol, aldosterone, corticosterone), two androgens (testosterone, DHEA) and one progestagen (progesterone). A range of other hormones were also quantifiable, although not consistently so across samples. Results demonstrated that the hormonal response to an acute stressor could be detected in skin: the time from stress test to skin cortisol peak was an average of 46 days, whereas it was 55 days for corticosterone and 47 days for aldosterone. Results also showed that baseline hormonal concentrations were obtainable from skin samples collected during or immediately after the animals were subjected to the acute stressor. This study further develops and validates a non-invasive method for measuring cortisol and other hormones related to stress, health, and reproduction in the skin of cetaceans, potentially supporting investigations of acute and chronic stress, such as cetacean endocrine responses to distinct (e.g. naval sonar exposure) or prolonged stressors (e.g. shipping noise).
Highlights
Marine mammals face a wide range of anthropogenic stressors including pollution, underwater noise and climate change (Wright 2009; Maxwell et al 2013; Jenssen et al 2015)
This study further develops and validates a non-invasive method for measuring cortisol and other hormones related to stress, health, and reproduction in the skin of cetaceans, potentially supporting investigations of acute and chronic stress, such as cetacean endocrine responses to distinct or prolonged stressors
The samples for this study were collected in parallel with the performance of a stress test, the design of which is detailed in Champagne et al (2018)
Summary
Marine mammals face a wide range of anthropogenic stressors including pollution, underwater noise and climate change (Wright 2009; Maxwell et al 2013; Jenssen et al 2015). When stressors combine to create a chronically stressful situation, they potentially influence the health and reproduction of marine mammals in various ways, including impairing immune function, increasing mortality and reducing reproductive success or effort (Fair and Becker 2000; St. Aubin 2001). While cortisol has long been the preferred biomarker for assessing stress levels in mammals (St. Aubin and Dierauf 2001), it is becoming increasingly clear that other hormones such as aldosterone play a role in the cetacean stress response (Burgess et al 2017; Champagne et al 2018). Other hormones related to life history variables such as age, body condition, and reproductive status may have an effect on the stress response and should be accounted for in studies evaluating markers of stress and their potential physiological impacts (Thomson and Geraci 1986; Mashburn and Atkinson 2004; Schmitt et al 2010; Fair et al 2014; Hart et al 2015)
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