Measures and variability with age of low contrast acuity and near stereoacuity in children

Abstract

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Low contrast acuity (LCA) and near stereoacuity (NS) testing are integral to the comprehensive assessment of sensory visual function in children. However, routine ophthalmological evaluations seldom take these measures into consideration. Additionally, there is limited literature regarding the normative values of these parameters in children. Background This study investigated LCA and NS measures and their variability in children with normal visual acuity. The aim was to provide a benchmark for distinguishing normal measures from abnormal ones. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted in primary and secondary schools across North India. The participants numbered 240 children, aged between 3 and 15 years. They were split into 12 smaller groups of 20 participants in each age group. Only participants with normal monocular uncorrected visual acuity, no refractive error, normal birth history, and no systemic ailments, were recruited. All the participants underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and non-cycloplegic retinoscopy. LCA was measured, using the low contrast Lea number chart at three metres. NS was measured using the Randot® stereo test at 40 cm. Results The percentages of males and females, were found to be 55%, and 45%, respectively (p = 0.093). The mean NS was found to be 38.7 ± 11.5 arcsecs in the 3-9-year age group, and 26.7 ± 5.6 arcsecs in the 9-15-year age group (p-value <0.001). The mean NS showed an increasing trend up to 9 years of age. The mean LCA was 64.4 ± 20.1 in the age group of 3–8 years, and 76.38 ± 11.39 in the age group of 8–15 years (p-value <0.001). Considerable variability was noted in the LCA in the younger age group (p-value = 0.000). Conclusions LCA and NS mature gradually during childhood. LCA stabilises after the age of 8, while NS stabilises after the age of 9.