Abstract
The detailed construction and evaluation of miniature ultrasonic needle type hydrophones utilizing ceramic materials and produced in three batches of five is described. The relative frequency responses (up to 18 MHz) show that good reproducibility can be achieved and that the characteristics are dependent on the material of the element. The directivity plots taken at four frequencies (up to 5 MHz) were taken with particular care. Their exhibition of curious wide-angle phenomena at frequencies up to 2 MHz may not be inconsistent with their usefulness for many field mapping applications.
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