Measurements of Intracellular Ca2+ Content and Phosphatidylserine Exposure in Human Red Blood Cells: Methodological Issues

Abstract

Background/Aims: The increase of the intracellular Ca²⁺ content as well as the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer cell membrane surface after activation of red blood cells (RBCs) by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been investigated by a variety of research groups. Carrying out experiments, which we described in several previous publications, we observed some discrepancies when comparing data obtained by different investigators within our research group and also between batches of LPA. In addition, we found differences comparing the results of double and single labelling experiments (for Ca²⁺ and PS). Furthermore, the results of PS exposure depended on the fluorescent dye used (annexin V-FITC versus annexin V alexa fluor® 647). Therefore, it seems necessary to investigate these methodological approaches in more detail to be able to quantify results and to compare data obtained by different research groups. Methods: The intracellular Ca²⁺ content and the PS exposure of RBCs separated from whole blood have been investigated after treatment with LPA (2.5 µM) obtained from three different companies (Sigma-Aldrich, Cayman Chemical Company, and Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.). Fluo-4 and x-rhod-1 have been used to detect intracellular Ca²⁺ content, annexin V alexa fluor® 647 and annexin V-FITC have been used for PS exposure measurements. Both parameters (Ca²⁺ content, PS exposure) were studied using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Results: The percentage of RBCs showing increased intracellular Ca²⁺ content as well as PS exposure changes significantly between different LPA manufacturers as well as on the condition of mixing of LPA with the RBC suspension. Furthermore, the percentage of RBCs showing PS exposure is reduced in double labelling compared to single labelling experiments and depends also on the fluorescent dye used. Finally, data on Ca²⁺ content are slightly affected whereas PS exposure data are not affected significantly by the measuring method (flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy). Conclusion: The LPA batch used and the mixing procedure of LPA and the RBC suspension has to be taken into consideration when comparing results of intracellular Ca²⁺ content and PS exposure of RBCs after LPA activation. In addition, one should consider that the results of single and double labelling experiments might be different depending on the fluorescent dyes used.