Measurements of forces resulting from normal and oblique wave approaches to small scale sea walls

Abstract

Tests have been conducted to demonstrate the manner in which forces on sea walls vary with obliquity of wave approach. Extreme forces at a normal approach may be at least halved with an angle of 15° but at small angles they can be higher. The velocity of wave impacts has been measured and the formation of impact pressures, with their mitigating factors, discussed. A suggestion is given for a disaster-proof breakwater layout.