Abstract
The propagation of acoustic waves in the ocean frequently involves multiple refractions and reflections leading to multipath signal arrivals and complicated noise fields. This paper reviews a number of measurement and estimation techniques which have been used or are being considered for use in underwater acoustics. Special emphasis is placed on the assumptions underlying the various techniques, their interrelationships, and the limitations inherent in those techniques. Among the topics discussed are communication theoretic approaches, beamforming, maximum likelihood estimation, maximum entropy estimation, spatial harmonic models, frequency-wavenumber analysis, and principal component analysis.
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