Abstract
Particulate volume scattering function (VSF), especially at angles larger than 170°, is of particular importance for interpreting ocean optical remote sensing signals and underwater imagery. In this study, a laboratory-based VSF instrument (VSFlab) adopting the periscopic optical system was developed to obtain VSF measurements from 1°–178.5°. In the VSFlab, a new prism design that simply combines a single prism and a neutral density filter was proposed to more efficiently reduce the stray light in the backward direction, while a detailed calibration procedure was given. A full validation based on standard beads of various sizes and a comparison with the results from LISST-VSF and POLVSM indicated that the VSFlab can provide reliable results from 1° to 178.5°. VSFlab measurements in the East China Sea (ECS) exhibited a moderate increase (not more than 5 times) in VSF from 170° to 178.5° rather than a sharp increase of more than one order of magnitude presented in other instrument results measured in other coastal regions. The estimates of the particulate backscattering coefficient using single angle scattering measurements near 120° or 140° and suitable χp were justified. Two types of the VSFs with different size distribution and shape parameters in the ECS can be distinguished based on the variability of χp after 155°. The measured VSF could provide a basis for the parameterization of VSF in the radiative transfer model and the variability of χp in the backward direction had the potential to be used to characterize the particles in the coastal region of the ECS.
Highlights
The volume scattering function (VSF), which describes the angular distribution of the scattered light resulting from an incident beam interacting with an infinitesimally small volume of water, is a fundamental inherent optical property (IOP) of the ocean [1,2,3,4]
The VSF in the backward direction is critical to interpreting ocean color remote sensing as the bidirectional distribution of the upwelling radiance has been shown to be largely governed by the shape of the VSF in the backward direction [9]
A VSF meter (VSFlab) was established and achieved good backward volume scattering function between 1◦ and 178.5◦ with the novel prism that prevents the stray light induced by the specular reflection of the incident beam from re-entering the scattering volume
Summary
The volume scattering function (VSF), which describes the angular distribution of the scattered light resulting from an incident beam interacting with an infinitesimally small volume of water, is a fundamental inherent optical property (IOP) of the ocean [1,2,3,4]. It is generally defined as the radiant intensity I scattered from a volume element at scattering angle θ per unit of incident irradiance E and per unit of scattering volume V: β(θ ) =. The VSF in the backward direction is critical to interpreting ocean color remote sensing as the bidirectional distribution of the upwelling radiance has been shown to be largely governed by the shape of the VSF in the backward direction [9]
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