Abstract
An eight-element hydrophone array and an omnidirectional source were used for the bottom scattering measurements within the frequency range of 2–20 kHz. The reverberant tail of a Ricker pulse or a gated cw pulse were used for the backscattering measurements. Volume fluctuations of sound speed were measured as deep as 5 m by a newly developed source and hydrophone array penetrators. The penetrators were deployed 5–10 m apart to obtain a tomographic image of vertical cross section of sub-bottom. A nonlinear ray tracing and inversion scheme was used to calculate the sub-bottom sound-speed fluctuations and two-dimensional wave-number spectra. Penetration depths of the acoustic signals were also measured by using the same system. Preliminary results of the measurements of bottom backscattering and sub-bottom sound-speed fluctuations indicate that sub-bottom volume scattering may dominate the bottom roughness scattering in case of large fluctuations of sub-bottom sound speed and large penetration depths.
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