Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers above1018  eV

J Abraham,O Blanch-Bigas,C Morris,L Del Peral,R Piegaia,G R Snow,J L Harton,M G Winnick,T Tarutina,L Perrone,D Melo,H Gemmeke,T Hebbeker,L Voyvodic,T Paul,D Harari,J Stasielak,T Winchen,C Morello,Z Szadkowski,H Schoorlemmer,H O Klages,S Jiraskova,A F Grillo,P Brogueira,M Nyklicek,A Zepeda,K Payet,W Fulgione,V Pavlidou,V H Ponce,A Tonachini,C Hojvat,A Curutiu,S Parlati,N Borodai,S Pastor,A Keivani,S Vorobiov,M Urban,K Daumiller,B Tomé,D Nosek,I Zaw,J Rautenberg,J Lee,M Settimo,O Wainberg,U Cotti,P Privitera,F Montanet,A Criss,G Yuan,S Grebe,D Zavrtanik,C Lachaud,M Grigat,F Schroeder,M Ave,M Pimenta,D García Gámez,B Rouillé-D’Orfeuil,H Wilczyński,H Falcke,F Ionita,E Trovato,D Lebrun,J D Hague,Y Guardincerri,C Pfendner,A Shadkam,G Navarra,M Santander,D Warner,P Lebrun,J R Hörandel,R Bruijn,R Tcaciuc,D Kruppke-Hansen,C E Santo,V Pirronello,R Knapik,P Schiffer,J R T De Mello Neto,K Kulbartz,K S Caballero-Mora,R Engel,N Pacheco,P L Ghia,D Martello,M Scuderi,H Lyberis,R F Gamarra,V Halenka,M Ludwig,I Allekotte,A Italiano,M Mcewen,B R Becker,P Homola,A F Barbosa,H Glass,I Valiño,J A Chinellato,V Verzi,C Meurer,A C Rovero,C Macolino,M Aglietta,G Tristram,S Benzvi,S Maldera,E Menichetti,F Contreras,M Tueros,G Wieczorek,S L C Barroso,C J Todero Peixoto,D Semikoz,J Sorokin,X Garrido,E Kemp,D Tcherniakhovski,P Mantsch,M Hussain,B Wundheiler,V Marin,V C Holmes,F Sarazin,L Nožka,O Deligny,J Swain,A Chou,G Cataldi,M Balzer,P Billoir,P T Nhung,M Pech,E Grashorn,F Blanco,M Unger,R Dallier,M Kaducak,B Keilhauer,H Cook,M R Coluccia,G La Rosa,P Wahrlich,J C Diaz,R Sato,J C Moreno,M J Cooper,G Golup,A Dorofeev,C Dobrigkeit,P Bauleo,S Gambetta,K Kadija,J Knapp,R Conceição,A Anzalone,S Coutu,D Garcia-Pinto,S R Gozzini,R Mussa,F Sánchez,A G Mariazzi,M Palatka,A Castellina,J R Vázquez,K Louedec,P Facal San Luis,T Huege,H Wahlberg,S Andringa,R Caruso,H Salazar,I Lhenry-Yvon,G De La Vega,A C Fauth,W Tkaczyk,C De Donato,D Pakk Selmi-Dei,A Yushkov,P Buchholz,J Oehlschläger,R M De Almeida,J Tiffenberg,J Chudoba,C E Fracchiolla,P Oliva,E Colombo,T Suomijärvi,B Morales,V Scherini,R Bonino,D Nitz,G P Guedes,S Westerhoff,B Revenu,M Risse,D Heck,C Aramo,E Arganda,I Sidelnik,O Krömer,K B Barber,A Gorgi,N Scharf,T Šuša,C Bonifazi,L Caramete,J C Dos Anjos,A Bellétoile,R M Kieckhafer,N Nierstenhoefer,E Zas,A Tamburro,H Spinka,S J De Jong,T Karova,S Mueller,D Veberič,H J Mathes,T Antičić,C O Escobar,P Hansen,G Decerprit,A Filevich,P Gouffon,G Ros,A Etchegoyen,A Cordier,F Arqueros,G Matthiae,E J Ahn,M Ziolkowski,T Bergmann,M Prouza,B R Dawson,R Ulrich,G Parente,P Lautridou,M Melissas,A Haungs,K Arisaka,C Robledo,P N Diep,I M Pepe,J Chauvin,M Giller,U Giaccari,H Schieler,B Fick,X Bertou,C Delle Fratte,L Villaseñor,R D Parsons,A Stutz,T Bäcker,I De Mitri,J Kleinfeller,B Wilczyńska,P Assis,H R Marquez Falcon,M T Dova,D Góra,E Moreno,C Bleve,D D’Urso,P Sommers,A Creusot,M S A B Leão,J F Valdés Galicia,L Miramonti,L Valore,F Salamida,Y Petrov,A Lucero,M C Maccarone,A Ferrero,S Petrera,J Coppens,D Thomas,M Monasor,M Pontz,J C D’Olivo,L Nellen,M Videla,W C Brown,D Boncioli,E D Fraenkel,D B Tridapalli,R A Vázquez,U Fröhlich,H Asorey,E Strazzeri,J Pallotta,F Guarino,S Harmsma,S Fliescher,P Abreu,E Parizot,C Rivière,F Kuehn,M I Micheletti,A Schmidt,A Bueno,D Ravignani,O Catalano,N G Busca,A Insolia,J Rosado,A Menshikov,N Palmieri,P Gonçalves,P N Dong,J Parrisius,M Roth,M A Duvernois,M Gómez Berisso,M Erdmann,M L Díaz Castro,E Petermann,R Šmída,V M Olmos-Gilbaja,T Schmidt,R W Clay,M Hrabovský,A Horneffer,A Segreto,D Kuempel,M Iarlori,M Zavrtanik,C E Covault,P Younk,A Petrolini,A Tapia,S Schulte,A M Van Den Berg,T Pierog,J Aublin,S Riggi,A Tamashiro,R E Burton,H Blümer,R López,A D Supanitsky,D Maurizio,N Fazzini,J J Beatty,P Ristori,E J Quel,J A Bellido,P Petrinca,M Ambrosio,R Pesce,C Di Giulio,D Gonzalez,A Della Selva,R Cester,M Platino,I Fleck,G Salina,M A Leigui De Oliveira,R Squartini,R Pelayo,M Mostafá,D Monnier Ragaigne,L Wiencke,D Badagnani,S J Sciutto,A Śmiałkowski,B B Siffert,N Kunka,J Brack,O Ravel,B J Whelan,G Marsella,A Parra,M Kleifges,L M Goggin,C Timmermans,R C Shellard,Glennys R Farrar ,J Petrović ,C Bérat ,M D Rodríguez‐Frías ,G Rodríguez ,David M Schuster ,F Schüßler ,J Řídký ,L Cazón ,I Rodríguez-Cabo ,Luis A Anchordoqui ,Domenico Tegolo ,Christopher B Williams ,Nguyễn Thị Phương Thảo ,Alan Watson ,J Rodrı́guez Martino ,Bruno L Lago ,Fabian Schmidt ,Günter Sigl ,W J M De Mello ,J L Kelley ,María J Ortiz ,Flávio Rezende ,А Чиавасса ,M Stéphan ,Karl‐Heinz Becker ,J L La Rosa Navarro ,A Letessier‐Selvon ,Beatriz García ,T Rössler ,Silvia Mollerach ,Péter Mazur ,I Duţan ,Edivaldo Moura Santos ,John Matthews ,Tokonatsu Yamamoto ,Peter L Biermann ,O Taşcǎu ,Graciela B Gelmini ,S Sarkar ,G Medina‐Tanco ,D H Koang ,M Bohã̌cov́a ,F Gómez Albarracin ,Esteban Roulet ,A E Hervé ,Jan Ebr ,S Sánchez Navas ,J W Cronin ,M A Müller ,Ioana Codrina Maris ,O Mart́inez Bravo ,P Nečesal ,G Ávila ,William H Miller ,H.-P Dembinski ,Antonio Fernández-Aliseda Redondo ,Saša Mićanović ,Petr Schovánek ,Alexander Kusenko ,Tonia M Venters ,Karl-Heinz Kampert ,S Dagoret ,Vítor De Souza ,Jan Pękala ,F Suárez ,Manlio De Domenico ,Miguel Rodríguez Blanco ,B M Baughman ,Olaf Scholten ,Juan Rojo ,A S Krieger ,M Gold ,Jeff Allen ,Angela V Olinto ,Balázs Kégl ,Julio Lozano Bahílo ,J Schovancová ,Krijn De Vries ,Dušan Mandát ,A Lemière ,Pavel Trávníček ,P A Kasper ,M Sutherland ,Denis Allard ,J G González ,A Filipčǐc ,A López Agüera ,Vincenzo Rizi ,J Álvarez-Muñiz

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.104.091101

Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers above1018 eV

J Abraham, O Blanch-Bigas + Show 472 more

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https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.104.091101

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#Surface Detector Station #Longitudinal Development Of Showers + Show 8 more

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Abstract

We describe the measurement of the depth of maximum, X{max}, of the longitudinal development of air showers induced by cosmic rays. Almost 4000 events above 10;{18} eV observed by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory in coincidence with at least one surface detector station are selected for the analysis. The average shower maximum was found to evolve with energy at a rate of (106{-21}{+35}) g/cm{2}/decade below 10{18.24+/-0.05} eV, and (24+/-3) g/cm{2}/decade above this energy. The measured shower-to-shower fluctuations decrease from about 55 to 26 g/cm{2}. The interpretation of these results in terms of the cosmic ray mass composition is briefly discussed.

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