Abstract
This study focuses on the measurement of sub-23 nm particles emitted from a small DI/PFI spark ignition engine through conventional techniques and innovative systems. Measurements were performed with well-known systems, such as the EEPS coupled to a PMP-compliant sample conditioning device. Moreover, a novel instrument developed within the European project Sureal-23, the advanced HM-DMA, capable of operating with a simplified conditioning setup was used. The engine was fueled with ethanol, both pure and in blend at 30% v/v. The effects of fuel on the particle emissions were analyzed at different operating conditions. The results highlighted that a larger fraction of emissions consists of particles smaller than 23 nm, and their number changes according to the fuel, injection strategy and operating condition. A significant effect of the sampling system conditions was observed reveling the inception of nucleation mode particles or the condensation of the volatiles onto existing particles depending on the combination fuel/injection strategy. Different trends were noted at certain operating conditions between the results from the EEPS and the advanced HM-DMA ascribable to the different measurement principle and to the dilution system.
Highlights
The growing concerns regarding climate change, the deterioration of local air quality and high fuel prices have led to a growing proliferation of electric and fuel-cell vehicles in the market
This study focuses on the measurement of sub-23 nm particles emitted from a small direct injection (DI)/PFI spark ignition engine through conventional techniques and innovative systems
Measurements were performed with the Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) coupled to the DEED working at the temperatures prescribed by the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) protocol
Summary
The growing concerns regarding climate change, the deterioration of local air quality and high fuel prices have led to a growing proliferation of electric and fuel-cell vehicles in the market. Kontses et al [4] observed that gasoline PFI engines can have high PN emissions expressing the need of further investigation to accurately evaluate their emission levels and, eventually, the necessity to be regulated In this transition period, several solutions are being considered to make SI engines more environmentally friendly. In this context, the advanced Half Mini Differential Mobility Analyser (HM-DMA) was proposed [19]. The exhaust gas was sampled by a Dekati® (Kangasala, Finland) single diluter (SD)
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