Measurement of Soluble Solid Contents and pH of White Vinegars Using VIS/NIR Spectroscopy and Least Squares Support Vector Machine

Abstract

Visible and near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy combined with least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) was employed to determine soluble solid contents (SSC) and pH of white vinegars. Three hundred twenty vinegar samples were distributed into a calibration set (240 samples) and a validation set (80 samples). Partial least squares (PLS) analysis was implemented for the regression model and extraction of latent variables (LVs). The selected LVs were used as LS-SVM input variables. Finally, LS-SVM models with radial basis function kernel were achieved with the comparison of PLS models. The results indicated that LS-SVM outperformed PLS models. The correlation coefficient (r), root mean square error of prediction, bias, and residual prediction deviation for the validation set were 0.988, 0.207°Brix, 0.183, and 6.4 for SSC whereas these were 0.988, 0.041, −0.002, and 6.5 for pH, respectively. The overall results indicated that VIS/NIR spectroscopy and LS-SVM could be used as a rapid alternative method for the prediction of SSC and pH of white vinegars, and the results could be helpful for the fermentation process and quality control monitoring of white vinegar production.