Measurement of recombinant human arylsulfatase A and leukocyte sulfatase activities by analytical isotachophoresis

Abstract

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) and Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency (MSD) are rare and ultra-rare lysosomal storage diseases. Due to enzyme defects, patients are unable to split the sulfategroup from the respective substrates. In MSD all sulfatases are affected due to a defect of the Sulfatase Modifying Factor 1 (SUMF1) gene coding for the formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) necessary for the modification of the active site of sulfatases. In MLD mutations in the arylsulfatase A (ARSA) gene cause ARSA deficiency with subsequent accumulation of 3-sulfogalactocerebroside especially in oligodendrocytes. The clinical consequence is demyelination and a devastating neurological disease. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human arylsulfatase A (rhARSA), gene therapy, and stem cell transplantation are suggested as new therapeutic options. The aim of our study was to characterize rhARSA concerning its substrate specificity using analytical isotachophoresis (ITP). Substrate specificity could be demonstrated by sulfate splitting from the natural substrates 3-sulfogalactocerebroside and ascorbyl-2-sulfate and the artificial substrate p-nitrocatecholsulfate, whereas galactose-6-sulfate, a substrate of galactose-6‑sulfurylase, was totally resistant. In contrast, leukocyte extracts of healthy donors were able to split sulfate also from galactose-6-sulfate. The ITP method allows therefore a rapid and simple differentiation between samples of MLD and MSD patients and healthy donors. Therefore, the isotachophoretic diagnostic assay from leukocyte extracts described here provides a fast and efficient way for the diagnosis of MLD and MSD patients and an elegant system to differentiate between these diseases in one assay.