Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are compounds that are used in the bottle as the main plasticizers. Therefore, the possibility of releasing phthalate esters into beverages is very high and there is a concern to consumer health and monitoring organizations. The aim of this research was to assess the phthalic acid esters (di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bis(di-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and total PAEs) in bottled non-alcoholic malt beverages (n = 120) by multi-walled carbon nanotubes were magnetized with iron (MWCNT-Fe3O4) using gaschromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the highest and the lowest levels of total phthalate esters in samples were 9483.93 and 2412.50 ng/L, respectively. The mean of DEHP which has also been found to be carcinogenic in all samples was lower than 5944.73 ng/L. The highest concentration of DEHP in four samples was upper than 8957.87 ng/L. Perceived limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 13 to 30 ng/L and the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 39 to 90 ng/L. Multivariate techniques and heat map visualization were used to assess the correlation among the type and levels of PAEs with the brand, color, product date, pH, sugar, volume, and gas pressure. Therefore, based on heat map and principal component analysis (PCA) results, the DEHP and total PAEs were the closest accessions, indicating that these variables had similar trends. Based on the results, it can be stated that due to the low average of total phthalate esters in non-alcoholic malt beverages, there is no serious health hazard of these compounds for humans.
Highlights
Large amounts of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are used annually to produce a wide variety of common consumer goods around the world (Arfaeinia et al 2020, Harunarashid et al 2017)
The goal of this research was to assess the phthalic acid esters (DEP, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), DEHP, di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and total PAE) in non-alcoholic malt beverages bottled were magnetized with iron (MWCNT-Fe3O4) using Mass spectrometry is gas chromatography (GC-MS) in Tehran
Numerous preparation methods can be used to prepare samples for analysis these compounds in different matrixes, including single-drop microextraction (SDME), liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), solvent extraction (SE), liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), LPME method based on the solidification of a floating organic micro drop (LPME-SFO), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), solid-phase extraction (SPE) and column chromatographic cleanup (CC), but these methods are expensive, insensitive and time-consuming (Kiani et al 2019, Roudbari et al 2020, Shariatifar et al 2020)
Summary
Large amounts of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are used annually to produce a wide variety of common consumer goods around the world (Arfaeinia et al 2020, Harunarashid et al 2017). PAEs are phthalic acid esters that are used in beverage packaging bottles as the main plasticizers, so the possibility of releasing phthalate esters into beverages (including malt non-alcoholic beverages) is very high, so there is concern to consumer health and monitoring organizations. This research was conducted to investigate of PAEs in non-alcoholic malt beverages based on MSPE-GC/MS method by using MWCNT-Fe3O4 as magnetic adsorbent offered in Tehran, Iran. The PCA was applied to characterize the interrelationships between variables and visualization of the data patterns and Heat-map was applied to represent similar or vastly different expression characteristics values
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