Measurement of Internal Acyl Migration Reaction Kinetics Using Directly Coupled HPLC−NMR: Application for the Positional Isomers of Synthetic (2-Fluorobenzoyl)-d-glucopyranuronic Acid

Abstract

Ester glucuronides (1-O-acyl-β-d-glucopyranuronates) of many drugs may undergo internal acyl migration reactions, resulting in the formation of new positional isomers with both α- and β-anomers. We illustrate here a novel approach for the direct investigation of the acyl migration kinetics of ester glucuronides and show the application with respect to the isomers of synthetic (2-fluorobenzoyl)-d-glucopyranuronic acid. Individual isomers were separated from an equilibrium mixture containing the β-1-O-acyl, α- and β-2-O-acyl, α- and β-3-O-acyl, and α- and β-4-O-acyl isomers at pH 7.4 in 20 mM phosphate buffer. The interconverting isomers were separated using reversed-phase HPLC and pumped directly into a dedicated on-line NMR flow probe in a 600 MHz NMR spectrometer. The flow was stopped with each isomer in the NMR flow probe, and sequential NMR spectra were collected at 25 °C, allowing direct measurement of the production of positional isomers from each selectively isolated glucuronide isomer. All of the positional isomers and anomers were characterized, and relative quantities determined, and a kinetic model describing the rearrangement reactions was constructed. The acyl migration reaction kinetics were simulated using a theoretical approach using nine first-order rate constants determined for the acyl migration reactions and six first-order rate constants describing the mutarotation each of the 2-, 3-, and 4-positional isomers. The rate constants (in h(-)(1)) for the rearrangement reactions of the 2-fluorobenzoyl glucuronide isomers were as follows: β-1-O-acyl, 0.29 ± 0.01; α-2-O-acyl, 0.11 ± 0.01; β-2-O-acyl, 0.07 ± 0.01; α-3-O-acyl, 0.10 ± 0.01; β-3-O-acyl, 0.09 ± 0.01; α-4-O-acyl, 0.09 ± 0.01; and β-4-O-acyl, 0.06 ± 0.01. The α- and β-anomerization rates were estimated on the basis of the kinetics model; the anomerization rates of the 4-O-acyl isomers were additionally determined experimentally using directly coupled HPLC-NMR. The fitted anomerization rates for the 4-O-acyl isomer were 0.80 (α → β) and 0.50 h(-)(1) (β → α), whereas the experimentally estimated anomerization rates were 0.89 ± 0.1 and 0.52 ± 0.1 h(-)(1), respectively. The dynamic stop-flow HPLC-NMR approach allows unique kinetic information to be obtained relating to glucuronide reactivity, and this approach will be useful in future structure-reactivity studies on drug ester glucuronides and their properties.