Abstract
Biodiesel has generated increased interest recently as an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel. Due to its high oxygen content, biodiesel typically burns more completely than petroleum diesel, and thus has lower emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM). However, biodiesel may increase or decrease nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, depending on biodiesel feedstock, engine type, and test cycle. The purpose of this study was to compare emissions from 20% blends of biodiesel made from 4 feedstocks (soybean oil, canola oil, waste cooking oil, and animal fat) with emissions from ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD). Emissions of NOx and CO2 were made under real-world driving conditions using a Horiba On-Board Measurement System OBS-1300 on a highway route and arterial route; emissions of NOx, CO2, HC, CO, and PM were measured in a controlled setting using a chassis dynamometer with Urban Dynamometer Drive Schedule. Dynamometer test results showed statistically significant lower emissions of HC, CO, and PM from all B20 blends compared to ULSD. For CO2, both on-road testing (arterial, highway, and idling) and dynamometer testing showed no statistically significant difference in emissions among the B20 blends and ULSD. For NOx, dynamometer testing showed only B20 from soybean oil to have statistically significant higher emissions. This is generally consistent with the on-road testing, which showed no statistically significant difference in NOx emissions between ULSD and the B20 blends.
Highlights
As global population increases and developing countries industrialize, energy demand around the world is increasing markedly
The purpose of this study was to compare emissions from 20% blends of biodiesel made from 4 feedstocks with emissions from ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD)
Emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and CO2 were made under real-world driving conditions using a Horiba On-Board Measurement System OBS-1300 on a highway route and arterial route; emissions of NOx, CO2, HC, carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM) were measured in a controlled setting using a chassis dynamometer with Urban Dynamometer Drive Schedule
Summary
As global population increases and developing countries industrialize, energy demand around the world is increasing markedly. Various studies have compared NOX emissions from biodiesel from one feedstock with those from petroleum diesel, based on chassis or engine dynamometer testing [7,8,9,10]. Various studies have compared CO2 emissions from biodiesel from one feedstock with those from petroleum diesel, based on chassis or engine dyno testing [7,8,9,21,22]. A few studies [8,17,18,23] have compared CO2 emissions from biodiesel from multiple feedstocks using the same engine and testing protocol, using chassis or dyno testing. The study described in this paper aimed to go beyond previous studies of NOx and CO2 emissions from multiple biodiesel feedstocks, in terms of test conditions and feedstocks, by: 1) involving more test states/cycles/conditions (on-road arterial, on-road highway, steady-state idling, and chassis dynamometer testing), and 2) by including feedstocks previously untested (canola for NOx and animal fat for NOx and CO2)
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