Abstract
BackgroundThe Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale is widely used for measuring diabetes-related emotional distress. There has been debate over the last 2 decades about the underlying factorial-construct validity of the PAID, with one- to four-factor structures being reported. A short form of the PAID, which comprises five items (PAID-5), was recently developed using Western patients with type 2 diabetes. This study measured the psychometric properties of the full and short forms of the PAID in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes, with the aim of determining which form is preferable.MethodsThe PAID and PAID-5 were translated into Korean (K-PAID and K-PAID-5, respectively) using a forward-and-backward translation technique. The study participants were recruited from university hospitals. The factorial-construct, convergent, and known-groups validity, and internal-consistency and test–retest reliability of both the K-PAID and K-PAID-5 were evaluated.ResultsFor the K-PAID, confirmatory factor analysis revealed a marginal fit to the one-, two-, three-, and four-factor models. The three- and four-factor models of the K-PAID partially satisfied the internal-consistency and test–retest reliability, and convergent and known-groups validity. For the K-PAID-5, confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated an excellent fit to the one-factor model, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87 and an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.89. The K-PAID-5 satisfied the convergent validity, as evaluated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and hemoglobin A1c. Known-groups validity by gender was also satisfied.ConclusionsThe K-PAID-5 demonstrated excellent psychometric properties as a one-factor scale. The brevity of the K-PAID-5 represents a major advantage in a practical context in that it may impose a minimum burden upon patients with diabetes.
Highlights
The Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale is widely used for measuring diabetes-related emotional distress
After reflecting upon the aforementioned problems, this study evaluated the psychometric properties of both the full- and short-form PAID using as subjects Korean patients with type 2 diabetes, with the aim of determining which form is preferable
Factorial-construct validity of the Korean version of the full-form PAID (K-PAID) and K-PAID-5 As indicated by the data presented in Table 2, the PAID and PAID-5 were previously variously reported to be a one-factor structure [8,16,21], two-factor structure [13,15], three-factor structure [12], and four-factor structure [9]
Summary
The Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale is widely used for measuring diabetes-related emotional distress. There has been debate over the last 2 decades about the underlying factorial-construct validity of the PAID, with one- to four-factor structures being reported. The Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale is a 20item representative self-reported instrument for measuring diabetes-related emotional distress, and covers a range of negative emotional problems of patients with diabetes [3]. This instrument was originally developed in the USA for patients with diabetes. There has been as yet no consensus regarding the factor structure of this tool, with one- to four-factor structures being reported for diabetic populations in the Netherlands/USA [9], Sweden [10], Iran [11], Greece [12], USA [13], Iceland [14], Turkey [15], and Taiwan [16]
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