Abstract
The thermal properties of most clothing products are still not designed according to engineering science due to the lack of simple and acceptable measuring equipment and methods; the type of thermal insulation material, the number of layers of clothing and their thickness are thus chosen empirically. The novelty of this study was the development of a new measuring device and method for simultaneous measurements in the determination of the thermal resistance in one or more textile material layers, such as in multilayer composite clothing. Temperature gradients of textile material layers are presented, as well as the theoretical principles of operation and practical results. Four materials for the production of protective jackets were selected, from which different combinations of composite clothing were constructed and the thermal parameters were measured with a new method and a new device, both individually for the built-in materials and for the composites. Subsequently, five test jackets with the same arrangement of textile material layers as the previously tested composites were produced, and measurements of important thermal parameters were recorded with a thermal mannequin. The determined temperature gradients and measurement results are presented, and based on these it was determined that the total thermal resistance was not equal to the algebraic sum of the resistances of the individual textile material layers in the horizontal position; it was, however, higher, increasing from 30% to 94% due to small air layers caused by crimping and protruding fibres of yarn in the textile fabrics. The same textile material layers built into clothing in the vertical position allowed the formation of significantly wider air layers that increased the thermal resistance by between 2.5 and 9 times.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilThe dominant role of clothing has always been thermal protection, and throughout history clothing has been made of materials that have different levels of thermal insulation.Since ancient times, people have dressed in layers, and the lower the ambient temperature is, the more layers are used
The results showed that increasing the thickness of the air gap increased the temperature gradients in such a way that the lowest temperature gradient was near the firefighter’s body [2]
The research conducted on new measuring equipment with a measurement plate and measurements with a thermal mannequin has shown that the thermal insulation properties of textile material layers in articles of composite clothing can be algebraically summed, but that they are greater than the algebraic sum by between 30% and 94% due to the crimping and protruding fibres of the yarn, leading to the formation of thin air layers between the textile material layers, which increases the thermal insulation properties of the composite clothing
Summary
Introduction published maps and institutional affilThe dominant role of clothing has always been thermal protection, and throughout history clothing has been made of materials that have different levels of thermal insulation.Since ancient times, people have dressed in layers, and the lower the ambient temperature is, the more layers are used. The dominant role of clothing has always been thermal protection, and throughout history clothing has been made of materials that have different levels of thermal insulation. Research has shown that the thermal properties of clothing are greatly influenced by the environmental factor, clothing factor and human factor and, considering these factors, approximate values for the thermal protection of individual clothing types or clothing systems can be determined. When buying clothes that are primarily intended for protection against the cold (winter coats, wind-jackets, coats, sweaters, pullovers, protective clothing, etc.), there is still no exact method for evaluating an item of clothing in terms of a precisely measured degree of thermal protection. The buyer has to rely on buying the garment according to their visual impression and their experience assessment of the construction of the clothing, the material thickness and the raw material iations
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