Measurement invariance of the CD-RISC-10 across gender, age, and education: A study with Slovenian adults.

Tina Kavčič,Petra Dolenc,Gaja Zager Kocjan

doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01564-3

Tina Kavčič, Petra Dolenc + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01564-3

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Abstract

The study aimed to investigate measurement invariance of the 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) across gender, age, and education. Adults from a general population of Slovenia (N = 431; 58% female; age 18 to 59 years) filled in the CD-RISC-10, the short form of the Mental Health Continuum and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. Measurement invariance of the proposed one-factor model of CD-RISC-10 by gender, age, and level of education was examined using multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed configural, metric, and scalar invariance of the CD-RISC-10 across gender, age, and educational groups. The measure showed satisfactory reliability, positive associations with emotional, psychological, and social well-being, and negative links with negative emotional states. Group differences in latent means suggested higher resilience in men than women, early adults as compared to emerging adults, and people with higher as compared to those with lower level of education. The Slovenian version of the CD-RISC-10 is an acceptably reliable and valid measure of resilience, suitable to detect possible differences between gender, age, and educational groups. Resilience shows favorable associations with enhanced positive mental health and diminished symptoms of mental problems.

Highlights

In recent mental health and quality of life research, the concept of resilience has received increased attention (Luthar et al, 2014; O’Donohue et al, 2019)
Higher resilience is associated with more frequent use of engagement coping strategies, which are crucial for improving psychological well-being (Arrogante et al, 2015)
Since the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC)-10 has not been yet validated in Slovenia, the first objective of the study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Slovenian version of the CD-RISC-10 and examine its factor structure on a heterogeneous sample of adults from a general population

Summary

Introduction

In recent mental health and quality of life research, the concept of resilience has received increased attention (Luthar et al, 2014; O’Donohue et al, 2019). Several definitions of resilience were proposed (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Masten, 2001; Rutter, 1985), two distinct features emerged from these definitions: significant adversity and positive adaptation. Resilience can be described as an individual’s capacity to uphold relatively stable, healthy levels of functioning, or positive adaptations in stressful situations or potentially traumatic events (Connor & Davidson, 2003; Fletcher & Sarkar, 2013; Luthar, 2006). Some studies have shown that greater resilience can protect against substance use (Wingo et al, 2014) and burnout in adults (Hao et al, 2015) and support the maintenance of cognitive and physical functioning in the elderly (Fontes & Neri, 2015). A recent study examining psychological functioning of adults during the COVID-19 pandemic revealed that individuals

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