Abstract
An empirically based analysis of propagation characteristics in two vegetated suburban areas with different types and fractions of vegetation cover in 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands is presented. A basic distance-dependent path loss model with a Gaussian random variance for shadow fading is utilized in accordance with the maximum-power directional and omnidirectional measurement data, therein exploiting significant path loss exponents in the presence of vegetation. In comparison with the existing ITU-R and 3GPP models, the effect of dense-leaved trees on path loss prediction is similar to that of buildings, whereas these standard models are inapplicable for sparse obstacle-line-of-sight (OLoS) links. Consequently, an azimuth-angle-based path loss characterization is proposed considering the antenna pattern, beam misalignment, and blockage effects. Moreover, several composite and cluster-level small-scale channel parameters, such as the number of clusters, delay spread, and angular spread, are extracted. Analysis of the first-arrival cluster in the OLoS setting reveals that forward scattering through foliage is still dominant and is expected to produce a larger azimuth angular spread of the arrival and compact multipath components in the time domain compared with line-of-sight and reflected clusters. The measurement results improve existing 3GPP channel models for suburban macrocell scenarios in mmWave bands.
Highlights
D IVERSE data-driven services and new innovative applications in next-generation mobile communication systems require an ultra-high data rate and ultra-low latency to enhance the quality of mobile users’ experience in different deployment scenarios [1], [2]
Pi [mW] = |hi(τ )|2 dτ τ0 where N denotes the number of the strongest beam of interest, and τ0 and τ1 denote the start and end of the power delay profiles (PDPs) above the noise floor, which can be estimated using our method proposed in [7]
In the Route 2 case with OLoS-omni, the PLE nCI is respectively 2.77 and 2.86, which is smaller than that in the Route 1 case, whereas the shadowing factor σCI is 4.26 dB and 3.34 dB. This is probably because 1) Route 1 is blocked by dense camphor trees and experiences longer foliage depths, leading to severe vegetation attenuation compared with Route 2, which is mainly blocked by low shrubs and distant trees, and 2) the positions of RX 1–15 along a straight line reduces the impact of the receiver siting on large-scale fading; the channel state information for mmWave cellular systems will change as the RX moves along a curved path (e.g., RX 25–31 in Route 2) considering their sensitivity to the environment
Summary
D IVERSE data-driven services and new innovative applications in next-generation mobile communication systems (that is, 5G and beyond) require an ultra-high data rate and ultra-low latency to enhance the quality of mobile users’ experience in different deployment scenarios [1], [2]. That substantially more multipath components (MPCs) can be observed in the suburban scenario compared to the urban case [19] These measurements, did not provide a thorough channel characterization of suburban environments across multiple mmWave bands in terms of the path loss model and spatiotemporal statistics. The propagation measurements intended to characterize broadband mmWave wireless channels in two suburban macrocell environments are conducted for both LoS and OLoS links in the 28 GHz and 39 GHz bands It is desirable for thousands of directional power delay profiles (PDPs) to be collected in different azimuth and elevation planes so that a comprehensive analysis of directional and omnidirectional mmWave propagation characteristics is performed.
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