Mean ± Standard Deviation Intake Values for 1-

Mieke Faber,Wilna Oldewage-Theron,Linda Drummond,Marjanne Senekal,Gabriel Eksteen,Johanna H Nel,Sonia Malczyk,Martha E Van Stuijvenberg,Nelia P Steyn

doi:10.3390/nu14010011

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a set of mean ± standard deviation (SD) intake values for South African (SA) children for 36 of the 45 food parameters included in the original Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) tool. The SA food composition database contains 30 of the 45 food parameters included in the original DII®, and a supplementary database was developed for six of the food parameters not included in the SA database. The SA child mean ± SD intake of macronutrients, micronutrients and select flavonoids was calculated by age in years, using eight data sets from dietary surveys conducted in SA in the last three decades. A total sample of 5412 children was included in the calculation of the mean ± SD. The current study sample was determined to be representative of 1–<10-year-old children in SA, and the plausibility of the mean intake values was confirmed by being in line with age-appropriate recommendations. Furthermore, an increase in energy, macronutrient, and most micronutrient intakes with increase in age was evident. The generated mean ± SD values for SA children can be used for calculation of the inflammatory potential of the dietary intake of SA children in the age range of 1–<10-year-old children.

Highlights

Chronic inflammatory diseases are the most significant causes of death in the world [1,2].As an intermediary risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI) is relevant in a world where the incidence of NCDs is steadily increasing
Steyn et al [15] and employed similar methods. It involved both electronic and manual searching of peer reviewed and grey literature, as well as electronic data sets of national and local studies done on the dietary intakes of South African children aged 1–10-years since 1990
The validity of these mean ± standard deviation (SD) intakes, to what extent the values represent the true intake of children in the target age range, is critiqued below in terms of the representativeness of the study sample of 1–

Summary

Introduction

Chronic inflammatory diseases are the most significant causes of death in the world [1,2].As an intermediary risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI) is relevant in a world where the incidence of NCDs is steadily increasing. It is widely recognized that obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers, respiratory and auto-immune disorders, as well as arthritis and depression are associated with CLGI [3]. While many of these NCDs only present later in life, individuals can be exposed to NCD risk factors throughout the course of their life—even the maternal inflammatory environment has been linked to programming the fetus for potential chronic disease presentation later in life [4].

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