Abstract
Abstract. Knowledge of regional changes in mean sea level and local changes in tides are crucial to inform effective climate adaptation. An essential element is the availability of accurate observations of sea level. Sea level data in the Republic of Ireland, prior to the establishment of the National Tide Gauge Network in the mid-2000s, are limited but belie a wealth of historical data available in archival form. In this study, we digitize records located in Cork Harbour, Ireland, from 1842 and show how short-duration (6–8 weeks), high-quality data with a large interval to the present can accurately inform tidal and mean sea level changes. We consider error sources in detail. We estimate for the main M2 tidal constituent that the accuracy of these historical measurements is 1 % and 2 min for amplitude and phase, respectively, once adjustments for seasonal and nodal effects are made. Our mean sea level estimates are accurate to the 2 cm level, once adjustments for atmospheric and seasonal effects are made. Our results show tidal stability with a 2 % change in the amplitude of the M2 component, 4 min change in the phase over a period of 177 years, and mean sea level rise of 40 cm in the Cork Harbour area from 1842 to 2019, approximately in line with global mean sea level trends plus local glacial isostatic adjustment. More broadly, we show that with careful seasonal, nodal, and atmospheric corrections, together with knowledge of benchmark provenance, these historic, survey-oriented data can accurately inform of sea level changes.
Highlights
Sea level is a combination of mean sea level (MSL), tide, and a non-tidal residual due to weather and other causes (Pugh and Woodworth, 2014)
Long-period mean sea level data prior to the establishment of the National Tide Gauge Network in the mid-2000s in the Republic of Ireland are limited to observations in Dublin (1938–2009) and Malin Head (1958–2002) (Holgate et al, 2013)
Haughton (1856) made a nationwide survey of high and low waters for a period of a year in 1850–1851 at 12 sites, 6 of which coincide with the Airy sites. Surveys such as those of Airy and Haughton are limited in time – 8 weeks of continuous measurements in 1842 and upwards of 1 year of high and low waters in 1850–1851, respectively – the long interval of over 150 years between these measurements and modern measurements indicates that long-term MSL and tidal changes may be detected against natural year-on-year sea level variations
Summary
Sea level is a combination of mean sea level (MSL), tide, and a non-tidal residual due to weather and other causes (Pugh and Woodworth, 2014). Long-period mean sea level data prior to the establishment of the National Tide Gauge Network in the mid-2000s in the Republic of Ireland are limited to observations in Dublin (1938–2009) and Malin Head (1958–2002) (Holgate et al, 2013). Surveys such as those of Airy and Haughton are limited in time – 8 weeks of continuous measurements in 1842 and upwards of 1 year of high and low waters in 1850–1851, respectively – the long interval of over 150 years between these measurements and modern measurements indicates that long-term MSL and tidal changes may be detected against natural year-on-year sea level variations To this end we have initiated a full study of these historical data, especially at the 22 Airy sites and the 12 Haughton sites. In order to determine the tidal constituent changes, we obtained a 6-week record of sea level at Airy’s exact location in Passage West in June–July 2019
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