Abstract
BackgroundObesity-related insulin resistance is linked to inflammation. Immunometabolic function differs between lean and obese subjects, but whether macronutrient composition of ingested meals affects these responses is not well known. We examined the effects of a single meal rich in fat, protein, or carbohydrate on immunometabolic responses.MethodsNine lean insulin sensitive (LIS) men and 9 obese insulin resistant (OIR) men ingested high-carbohydrate (HC), high-fat (HF) or high-protein (HP) mixed meals in random order. We assessed plasma glucose, insulin, and cytokine responses and cytokine gene expression in circulating mononuclear cells (MNC) at fasting and postprandial states (up to 6-h).ResultsExpression of NF-κB and TNFα genes were greater; whereas that of TGFβ and IL-6 genes were lower, in the OIR compared to the LIS individuals. The differences were significantly greater after the HC meal, but not after the HP or HF meal. Similar results were obtained for plasma concentrations of TNFα and IL-6.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that a single HC meal has a distinct adverse effect on immunometabolic responses in the OIR individuals. The cumulative effect of such adverse responses to meals rich in carbohydrate may predispose the OIR individuals to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12937-016-0219-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Obesity-related insulin resistance is linked to inflammation
Subjects Compared to lean insulin sensitive (LIS) subjects, obese insulin resistant (OIR) subjects were older, had greater Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, greater Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), greater fasting serum insulin and plasma triglyceride concentrations and lower HDL-cholesterol concentration (Table 1)
There were no significant differences between the lean and obese groups in fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures (Table 1)
Summary
Obesity-related insulin resistance is linked to inflammation. Immunometabolic function differs between lean and obese subjects, but whether macronutrient composition of ingested meals affects these responses is not well known. The higher glucose excursion may contribute to such unabated and excessive inflammatory response by acute activation of inflammatory pathways as Parvaresh Rizi et al Nutrition Journal (2016) 15:100 well as generation of oxidative stress in circulating MNC, macrophages, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells [12,13,14]. Such perturbation in regulation of postprandial inflammatory responses, suggested as one of the earliest defects in atherogenesis, may contribute to obese individuals having a higher risk for cardiovascular diseases [14, 15]
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