Abstract
BackgroundThis prospective study was designed to investigate the association between ten circulating inflammatory biomarkers and the risk for early stage lung adenocarcinoma.MethodsAll inflammatory biomarkers were measured in 228 patients with early stage (IA to IIB) lung adenocarcinoma and 228 age-, sex- and smoking-matched healthy controls by using the Luminex bead-based assay.ResultsOnly two biomarkers were significantly associated with the risk of early stage lung adenocarcinoma after the Bonferroni correction: the multivariate odd ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval or CI) was 0.29 (0.16-0.53) for MDC and 4.17 (2.23-7.79) for BLC for the comparison of patients in the 4th quartile with the 1st quartile (both P<0.0001). When analysis was restricted to never smokers (196 patients/196 controls), MDC and BLC were still significantly associated with the risk of early stage lung adenocarcinoma (OR, 95% CI, P: 0.37, 0.21-0.66, P<0.0001 for MDC and 2.78, 1.48-5.22, P =0.001 for BLC). Furthermore, elevated BLC was associated with a 2.90-fold (95% CI: 1.03-8.17, P=0.037) increased risk of subcentimeter lung adenocarcinoma, and there was an increasing trend for BLC with the progression of subcentimeter lung adenocarcinoma.ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that MDC and BLC were independently associated with the significant risk of early stage lung adenocarcinoma, even in non-smokers and in stage IA patients. BLC was further identified to play a carcinogenic role in the progression of lung adenocarcinoma.
Highlights
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide
The key finding of this study was that two inflammatory biomarkers, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), were independently associated with the significant risk of early stage lung adenocarcinoma in overall population as well as in non-smokers and in stage invasive adenocarcinoma (IA) patients
BLC was found for the first time to have a close link with subcentimeter lung cancer risk, and this biomarker was proposed to play a carcinogenic role in the development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma
Summary
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. As an aggressive histopathologic type of lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma has recently aroused extensive concerns of scientific community [1, 2]. The dismal 5-year survival rate of lung cancer is mainly due to late-stage diagnosis for the majority of patients. A major problem facing global researchers currently is the high false-positive rate of www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget. This prospective study was designed to investigate the association between ten circulating inflammatory biomarkers and the risk for early stage lung adenocarcinoma. Results: Only two biomarkers were significantly associated with the risk of early stage lung adenocarcinoma after the Bonferroni correction: the multivariate odd ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval or CI) was 0.29 (0.16-0.53) for MDC and 4.17 (2.23-7.79) for BLC for the comparison of patients in the 4th quartile with the 1st quartile (both P
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