MD simulations of acyclic and macrocyclic Gd3+-based MRI contrast agents: influence of the internal mobility on water proton relaxivity.

Abstract

Classical molecular dynamics simulations with a force field adapted to the family of Gd(3+) polyaminocarboxylate complexes have been successfully applied on two macrocyclic ([Gd(DOTA)(H(2)O)](-) and [Gd(DO3A)(H(2)O)(2)]) and two acyclic ([Gd(DTPA)(H(2)O)](2-) and [Gd(EGTA)(H(2)O)](-)) complexes in aqueous solution (DOTA=1,4,7,10-tetrakis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, DO3A=1,4,6-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, DTPA=1,1,4,7,7-pentakis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7-triazaheptane, EGTA=1,1,10,10-tetrakis(carboxymethyl)-1,10-diaza-4,7-dioxadecane). In both macrocylic complexes the Gd(3+) coordination polyhedron remains close to a monocapped square antiprism (MSA) during the entire simulation time. For the stereolabile acyclic complexes different interconverting sets of geometries are observed: three sets close to tricapped trigonal prisms (TTP) for [Gd(EGTA)(H(2)O)](-) and three sets intermediate between MSA and TTP (distorted C(2v) symmetry) for [Gd(DTPA)(H(2)O)](2-). The fast conformational changes observed in the acyclic complexes might weaken the hydration of the second water shell and therefore disfavour the outer-sphere relaxivity. Moreover, the motions of the chelate observed in both acyclic complexes involve the reorientation of the symmetry elements over time. This reorientation, occurring on a picosecond timescale, can be associated with the correlation time for modulation of the zero field splitting and might participate in the electron spin relaxation mechanisms of the Gd(3+) ion. The internal motion of the inner-sphere water molecule can be quantified by the ratio tau(R)(GD-HW)/tau(R)(GD-OW) which increases slightly from 0.7 for the acyclic to 0.8 for the macrocyclic complexes. This increase for the macrocylic chelates is favourable for a higher relaxivity and can be related to their rigidity. The water exchange rate on the four complexes has been related to the steric constraint of the ligand on the inner-sphere water molecule(s), which is inversely proportional to a geometrical descriptor, the solid angle psi. A range of psi values is given (2<<psi<3.3) where the exchange should be optimal. The observations made on the picosecond timescale give general directions for the design of more efficient magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.