Abstract
We study numerically the dynamics of an air-in-liquid compound drop impacting onto a solid surface. We demonstrate that the addition of a bubble in the drop decreases its maximum spreading. This decrease is explained by the lower kinetic energy of the drop, but also amplified by the formation of a vertical jet emerging from its center, and a relative increase in the viscous dissipation. We propose a new theory describing the maximum spreading of an air-in-liquid compound drop by including these effects into modified Weber and Reynolds numbers. Finally, we demonstrate that the eventual bursting of the bubble does not significantly affect the maximum spreading diameter, by characterizing the bubble bursting and performing additional simulations where the bursting of the bubble is prevented.
Highlights
The impact of a liquid drop is important for a wide range of natural processes and industrial applications, including rain erosion, inkjet printing, combustion, spray cooling, and forensic science.[1,2,3,4,5,6] In many applications, the drop is composed of multiple components, from complex-fluid drops with nanoscopic inclusions[7] up to compound drops with inclusions of similar size as the drop.[8]
We study numerically the dynamics of an air-in-liquid compound drop impacting onto a solid surface
We propose a new theory describing the maximum spreading of an air-in-liquid compound drop by including these effects into modified Weber and Reynolds numbers
Summary
The impact of a liquid drop is important for a wide range of natural processes and industrial applications, including rain erosion, inkjet printing, combustion, spray cooling, and forensic science.[1,2,3,4,5,6] In many applications, the drop is composed of multiple components, from complex-fluid drops with nanoscopic inclusions[7] up to compound drops with inclusions of similar size as the drop.[8] air-in-liquid compound drops have recently been proposed in several promising technologies such as thermal barrier coatings with hollow powders[9,10,11,12] or the manufacturing of polymer foams.[13,14]. The initial kinetic energy is converted to surface energy at maximal spreading bmax $ We1=2.45–47 diameter, qD3Vi2 $ rD2max, from In the viscous regime, the initial which we obtain kinetic energy is dissipated by viscosity up to the time of maximum spreading, qD3Vi2 $ lðVi=hÞD3max, with h the thickness of the spreading layer
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