Maximum ice-jam water levels on the northern rivers of Russia under conditions of climate change and anthropogenic impact on the ice jamming process

Abstract

Considered is ice jamming, the hazardous ice phenomenon observed at the opening of northern rivers that re suits in significant flooding. Revealed is that maximum water levels in the ice-jam-risk areas of the Sukhona, Tom’, and Lena rivers depend on the deterministic contributions of ice jamming factors that vary along with the climate change, and on the realization of different activities breaking natural river ice conditions (excavation of sand and gravel mix from the channel, dumping of warm industrial water, construction of bridges, and preventive actions against ice jams).