Maximizing the linear and nonlinear optical responses of alkaline tricyanomelaminate

Abstract

High-performance bi-functional materials are in urgent demand for the next-generation integrated optical devices. In this work, we successfully synthesized the first tricyanomelaminate with bi-functional optical responses, namely Cs3C6N9•H2O (I), from its analogue Na3C6N9•3H2O by a facile ion exchange method. In contrast to Na3C6N9•3H2O, I realizes an optimal arrangement of π-conjugated (C6N9)3− anion groups in its crystal structure. As a result, the second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) response is greatly enhanced from nearly zero of Na3C6N9•3H2O to ∼9.8 × KH2PO4 of I. Furthermore, I exhibits a giant linear optical anisotropic response (i.e. birefringence) of 0.52 at the wavelength of 550 nm. Both responses are almost the largest among the inorganic compounds of π-conjugated rings, which indicates that I has great potential as a bi-functional optical crystal. Structural and theoretical analyses reveal the microscopic origin of excellent optical properties. This work would attract a lot of interests to the persistently neglected potential of tricyanomelaminates as linear optical and NLO crystals.