Matter-wave dark solitons and their excitation spectra in spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensates

Abstract

We present three types of dark solitons in quasi–one-dimensional spin-orbit coupled repulsive Bose-Einstein condensates. Among these families, two are always stable, while the third one is only stable sufficiently close to the linear regime. The solitons' excitation spectra reveal the potential existence of a second anomalous mode. While the first such mode describes the soliton oscillatory motion in a parabolic trap, the second, when present, reflects the double-well structure of the underlying single-particle spectrum. This novel mode results in moving density stripes in the vicinity of the soliton core, or in an out-of-phase oscillation of the constituent components, with little effect on the nearly stationary striped total density of the composite soliton.