Matrix metalloproteinase-2 − 735C/T polymorphism is associated with resistant hypertension in a specialized outpatient clinic in Brazil

Abstract

BackgroundMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes involved in cardiovascular (CV) remodeling and hypertension-mediated target organ damage (TOD). Genetic polymorphisms in matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene [−1575G/A (rs243866); −1306C/T (rs243865); and −735C/T (rs2285053)] are associated with several CV conditions, however the relationship between MMP-2 polymorphisms and resistant hypertension (RH) is unknown. We evaluated whether these genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MMP-2 gene are associated with 1) MMP-2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) levels in RH and mild to moderate hypertensive (HT) subjects, 2) left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and arterial stiffness and 3) the presence of RH. MethodsOne hundred and nineteen RH and 136 HT subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. Genotypes were determined by real-time PCR using TaqMan probes. Haplotypes were estimated using Bayesian method. ResultsThe levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were similar among genotypes and haplotypes for the three studied polymorphisms in HT and RH groups. RH showed higher frequency for GCC haplotype and lower frequency of GCT and ATC haplotypes (−1575G/A, −1306C/T and −735C/T, respectively) compared to HT (0.77 vs. 0.64; 0.09 vs. 0.17; 0.13 vs. 0.19, p=0.003 respectively). GCC haplotype was associated to RH apart from potential confounders (odds ratio (OR)=2.09; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.20–3.64; p=0.01). In addition, CC genotype (OR=2.93; 95% CI=1.22–7.01; p=0.02) and C allele (OR=2.81; 95% CI=1.26–6.31; p=0.01) for −735C/T polymorphism were independently associated with RH. GCT haplotype was associated with reduced probability of having RH (OR=0.35; 95% CI=0.16–0.79; p=0.01). Finally, no relationship was found between studied MMP-2 SNPs and left ventricular hypertrophy and arterial stiffness in both groups. ConclusionGCC haplotype carriers showed higher probability to have RH (odds ratio>1), while the GCT haplotype carriers showed lower probability to have RH, suggesting that the GCT haplotype may represent a protective genetic factor for the development of RH. These finds suggest that GCC and GCT haplotypes, and C allele and CC genotype of the −735C/T MMP-2 gene polymorphism may have a role in RH.